Prenatal

• Women of normal weight


  • Less likely to have birth complications
• Overweight women


  • Risk of having longer deliveries, need more health care services, gestational diabetes, cesarean delivery, birth defects etc.
• Malnutrition


  Results to fetal growth restriction and low birth weight
• Thalidomide


  Caused stunted limbs, facial deformities, and defective organs
• Drugs harmful for pregnant women

  • Antibiotics
  • Certain Barbiturates
  • Opiates
  • Acutane
• Opioids


  Associated with small babies, fetal death, preterm labor, and aspiration of meconium
• Babies born with drug-addicted mothers

  Tend to experience withdrawal once they are born and no longer receive drugs
• Neonate Abstinence Syndrome


  Sleep disturbance, tremors, difficulty regulating the body, irritability, crying and etc.
• Fetal Alcohol Syndrome


  Characterized by a combination of retarded growth, face and body malformations, and disorders of the central nervous system
• Maternal smoking


  Most important factor for low-birth weight babies
• Tobacco


  • Increases the risks of miscarriage, growth retardation, stillbirth, SIDS, etc.
• Caffeine


  Slightly increased risk for miscarriage, stillbirth, and low birth weight babies
• Rubella


  Almost certain to cause deafness and heart defects to babies
• Toxoplasmosis


  Caused by parasite in the bodies of cattle, sheep, and pigs, and in the intestinal tracts of cats that causes fetal brain damage, severely impaired eyesight, seizures, miscarriage, etc.
• Diabetic mothers


  Most likely to have babies that have heart and neural tube defects
• Stress and anxiety


  Associated with more irritable and active temperament in newborns
• Chronic stress


  Can result in preterm delivery
• Depression


  May cause premature birth or developmental delays
• Maternal age increases


  Chance of miscarriage or stillbirth rises
• Adolescent Mothers


  Tend to have premature or underweight babies
• Fetal exposure to low level of environmental toxins

  May result to asthma, allergies, lupus
• 1. Rays


  Could triple the risk of having full-term, low-birth weight babies
• Exposure to


  • Lead
  • Marijuana
  • Tobacco
  • Radiation
  • Pesticides
• Exposure to


  May result in abnormal or poor quality sperm