P1

• SOUTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY PHINMA - COLLEGE OF MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY
• LONG EXAMINATION 2 IN MLS 024 (AUBF)
• Normal or abnormal findings


  • 0-2 erythrocytes per high power field
  • Bacterial count of 1,000/mL of urine
  • 10 PMN per high power field of standardized slide
  • Presence of cystine crystals
  • Occasional amorphous urates
  • Presence of numerous dysmorphic RBCs
  • Moderate amount of waxy casts
  • Presence of structures seen as Maltese crosses
  • Passage of brown urine positive for melanin
  • Bacteriuria (100,000/mL urine)
• Types of sediments


  • Maltese cross
  • PMN
  • Melanin
  • Oval fat bodies
  • Whetstone
  • Crenated or dysmorphic structure
  • Refractile budding forms
  • Rhombic plates
  • Sulfadiazine
  • Envelope crystals
  • Lacy phosphate precipitates
  • Plasma cells
  • Hyaline cast
  • Muscle fibers
  • Bilirubin needles
  • Coccobacilli
  • Starch granules
  • Calcium carbonate
  • Neutrophils
  • Amorphous urates
• Types of crystals


  • Uric acid
  • Lacy phosphate precipitates
  • Sodium urate
  • Triple phosphate
  • Leucine
  • Potassium urate
  • Ammonium biurate
  • Cystine
  • Sulfadiazine
  • Envelope crystals
  • Calcium phosphate
  • Tyrosine
  • Meglumine diatrizoate
  • Ampicillin
  • Bilirubin needles
  • Thorn apple crystals
  • Coffin lid crystals
  • Calcium carbonate
  • Amorphous phosphates
  • Amorphous urates
• Urine sediments


  • Erythrocyte
  • Neutrophil
  • Renal Cell
  • Transitional epithelial cell
  • Squamous cell
  • Hyaline cast
  • Cylindroids
  • Waxy cast
  • Broad casts
  • Platelets
  • Bacteria
  • Yeast Cells
  • Starch Granules
  • Uric Acid crystal
  • Calcium oxalates
  • Ammonium Biurates
  • Calcium Carbonate
  • Cystine
  • Leucine
  • Tyrosine
  • Sulfonamide
  • Triple phosphates
  • Amorphous Urates
  • Amorphous Phosphates
  • Mucous threads
• Requisites for cast formation

  • High salt concentration
  • Increased acidity
  • High protein concentration
  • Stasis and stagnation of urine
• Parameters used in cast classification

  • Matrix
  • Inclusion
  • Pigments
  • Cells
• Contaminants in urine microscopy

  • Muscle fiber
  • Vegetable cells
  • Spermatozoa
  • Pollen grains
  • Cotton fibers
  • Wood fibers
  • Starch granules
  • Oil droplets
  • Fecal materials like eggs and detritus
  • Diaper materials
• Stains used in studying urine sediments

  • Pap stain
  • Gram
  • Giemsa
  • Wrights
  • Sternheimer-Malbin
  • Safranin
  • Crystal Violet
  • Toluidine Blue
  • Lactophenol cotton blue
  • Hansel
  • Oil Red O
  • Sudan III
  • Prussian blue
• Methods of examining urine sediment

  • Brightfield microscopy
  • Darkfield microscopy
  • PCM (phase-contrast microscopy)
  • EM (electron microscopy)
  • Polarizing microscopy
  • Interference microscopy
  • Cytodiagnostic method
  • Quantitative and differential counts
  • Image cytometry & DNA analysis
  • Flow cytometry (Automated Urinalysis)
• Conditions affecting the genitourinary tract characterized by passage of casts in the urine

  • Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN)
  • Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN)
  • Chronic pyelonephritis
  • Acute pyelonephritis
  • Nephrotic syndrome
  • Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
  • Acute renal allograft rejection