Theme 3 economic devleopment

• Development


  The process of a country where it improves its quality of life for its people, making its place more independent
• Stages of development


  • 1. Least developed countries
  • 2. Developing countries
  • 3. Newly developed countries
  • 4.Developed countries
• Quality of life


  The person's well-being in terms of environment, security, health and happiness
• Indicators of Development


  • Gross National Product (GNP) per capita
  • Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita
  • Birth Rate
  • Death Rate
  • Literacy rate
  • Life expectancy
  • Infant Mortality
  • Composite indices like the Human Development Index (HDI)
• Gross National Product (GNP) per capita


  Wealth of a country averaged per person
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita


  The total value of goods and services produced within a country in a year divided by the country's population
• Economic Sectors

  • Primary
  • Secondary
  • Tertiary
  • Quaternary
• Globalisation


  Process in which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected through economic, cultural, political and tourism processes
• Causes of globalisation


  • Improvements in transportation
  • Freedom of trade
  • Improvements of communications
  • Labour availability and skills
• Impacts of globalisation


  • Positive: Economic growth, Job Creation and Employment, Access to Goods and Services, Cultural Exchange and Diversity, Technological Advancements, Access to Information and Communication, Environmental Awareness and Sustainability

  Negative: Economic Inequality, Job Displacement and Labor Exploitation, Environmental Degradation, Cultural Homogenization, Exploitation of Developing Countries, Social Disruption and Inequality, Public Health Risks
• Transnational Corporations (TNCs)


  Companies that operate in more than 1 country, usually in foreign countries or overseas
• Advantages of TNCs


  • Job opportunities, Improvement in skills and communication, Good education, healthcare and good quality of life, Invest in infrastructure, Cheaper products, Greater choice of goods, High level of income from tourism, exports, imports, Access to vast levels of skills and resources
• Disadvantages of TNCs


  • Labour drain, Damage to the environment - factories create air pollution, Cultural dilution or loss of cultural identity, Social mobility is limited to urban areas, Profits going overseas, Natural resources are being over-exploited, Movement of people, transport ownership and loss of biodiversity increases globally, Daily living costs increased
• Farming types


  • Commercial and subsistence
  • Arable, Pastoral and mixed
  • Intensive and extensive
• Human Causes of Food Shortages & Famine

  • Increasing population- supply cannot keep up with demand
  • Overgrazing reduces the integrity of the soil and can cause topsoil erosion and soil degradation
  • Over cultivating causes soil degradation, using up and not giving nutrients recovery time
  • Deforestation of woodland damages the integrity of the soil and its source of nutrients
  • Farming and industrial pollution can both degrade land and reduce crop yields
  • Corruption of government, war and conflict
• Physical Causes of Food Shortages & Famine

  • Too hot or cool temperatures can kill crops and animals
  • Shortage of rainfall kills most crops or requires irrigation
  • Too much rain can flood & kill crops or wash away topsoil, reducing soil fertility and leading to low yield
  • Natural disasters can destroy large areas of agricultural land and kill or injure farmers
  • If soil is infertile because the bedrock contains few minerals, cultivating land can be hard, leading to low yields
  • Diseases: these reduce yields and can result in livestock deaths
• Effects of Food Shortages & Famine

  • Hunger and rising food prices
  • Susceptible to infectious diseases
  • Impair physical and mental development
  • Reduce labour productivity
  • Undernutrition and malnutrition
  • Wasting
  • Soil erosion and desertification
  • Migration
• Industrial systems have


  • Inputs
  • Processes
  • Outputs
• Types of Industry


  • Manufacturing
  • Processing
  • Assembly
  • Hi-Tech
• Tourism


  When a person travels to another destination for more than 24 hours but less than one year. It is a leisure activity done for enjoyment in free time.
• Reasons for Growth of Tourism

  • Increased income of money and leave allowance
  • Easier travel
  • Faster and easier transport
  • Improved communication
  • Increased natural attractions
  • Increased manmade human attractions
  • More advertisement of places
• Factors that Change Tourist Patterns

  • Transport & accessibility
  • Scenery: landscape & visual appearance of places
  • Weather: Climate is important, e.g. cold place for a ski trip
  • Accommodation: quality/price of hotels, camps, resorts
  • Amenities: various recreational, historical, and leisure facilities & sites offered
• Advantages of Tourism

  • Increased in skills
  • Increased diversity of culture
  • Creates job opportunities
  • New infrastructure is built
  • Money is brought to the country's economy
  • Tax revenues are provided
  • Foreign language skills are promoted
  • Nature conservation areas awareness can be increased
  • Money from tourism can be used to protect the environment
  • Preserve area or species
  • Electricity and water supply improves
  • Improved roads, healthcare and education
• Disadvantages of Tourism


  • Loss of land
  • Illegal behaviour of tourists
  • Often low-paid seasonal work
  • Congestion and pollution is caused
  • Money often goes to big businesses
  • Economic leakage
  • Local language and traditional values can erode
  • Nature can be destroyed for land use
  • Tourism leads to more pollution
  • Increased greenhouse gas emissions from travelling
  • The activity of tourists disturbs and damages the habitat and wildlife
  • Racism and discrimination
  • Shortage of supplies
• Ecotourism


  Holidays that involve eco-related activities & are sustainable, e.g. hiking, bird-watching, horse riding
• Sustainable Tourism


  Tourist activities that are socially, environmentally & economically sustainable
• How to manage tourism sustainably

  • Built National Parks with entrance fees → Money raised can be spent on conservation/improvement of parks
  • Ban hunting/fishing
  • Fence-prohibited or protected areas
  • Put up signs such as "no littering"
  • Impose fines for littering or breaking any rules
  • Vehicles prohibited in certain areas
  • Create paths for people to walk on
• The demand for energy across the globe is rising
• Population growth and development are the two leading causes of the increase in energy demand
• Renewable Energy sources


  • Solar energy
  • Wind energy
  • Hydro energy
  • Geothermal energy
  • Biomass
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydroelectric energy

  • Advantages: No greenhouse gas emissions, Control flooding downstream, Provide water storage for irrigation and domestic use

  Disadvantages: Large areas of land are flooded behind the dam, Dam traps sediment, which can affect ecosystems downstream, Visual pollution, Can prevent fish movement upstream, People and settlements may have to be relocated, Expensive to build and maintain
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Wave/Tidal energy

  • Advantages: No greenhouse gas emissions, No air pollution, Has the potential to produce large amounts of energy, Reliable

  Disadvantages: Expensive to build and maintain, Can affect marine ecosystems, Few suitable sites
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Wind energy

  • Advantages: No greenhouse gas emissions, No air pollution, Can be small or large scale, Cheap to run, Can be on land or offshore

  Disadvantages: Not reliable only work
• Hydroelectric energy


  The force or energy of moving water
• Geothermal energy


  Energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself
• Biomass


  A renewable energy source, biological material from living
• Energy sources


  • Hydroelectric
  • Wave/Tidal
  • Wind
  • Solar
  • Geothermal
  • Biomass
• Hydroelectric


  • No greenhouse gas emissions
  • Control flooding downstream
  • Provide water storage for irrigation and domestic use
• Hydroelectric


  • Large areas of land are flooded behind the dam
  • Dam traps sediment, which can affect ecosystems downstream
  • Visual pollution
  • Can prevent fish movement upstream
  • People and settlements may have to be relocated
  • Expensive to build and maintain
• Wave/Tidal


  • No greenhouse gas emissions
  • No air pollution
  • Has the potential to produce large amounts of energy
  • Reliable