against

• There is evidence that critiques the use of NHA (Non-Human Animal) studies
• Sentience


  The ability to perceive or feel things
• Self-awareness


  The ability to recognize oneself as an individual separate from the environment and other individuals
• Animals feel pain but this may not be the same as conscious awareness
• Gallup (1970) demonstrated that chimpanzees have self-awareness


  • Chimpanzees were introduced to mirrors, red marks were placed on their foreheads and ears, and they would touch the marks using the mirror to direct their response
• This clearly demonstrates that animals have self-awareness and therefore are sentient
• In December 2009 the Treaty of Lisbon, which governs the European Union, declared that all animals are sentient
• Some human beings have a lack of sentience, such as brain damaged patients and infants


  We would not use them in research without consent, suggesting NHA research is problematic