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ASD
Individual Differences
Theory of Mind 10
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What is theory of mind
Having
an
understanding
that
people
have
thoughts,
emotions,
desires,
beliefs
and
intentions
that
may
differ
from
our
own.
Baron-Cohen
People
with
ASD
do
not
have
a
fully
functioning
ToM.
2
foundations
of
ToM:
Ability
to
distinguish
between
mental
&
physical
things.
Ability
to
distinguish
between
appearances
and
reality.
Precursors to ToM
Seen
in
behaviours
in
early
child
development.
The
child’s
ability
to
engage
in
pretend
play,
imitate
others
&
follow
a
persons
gaze.
By
doing
these
things
the
child
is
showing
that
they
understand
that
people
have
goals
or
intentions
different
to
their
own.
Scraife & Bruner 1975
Stated
that
typically
developing
children
will
show
these
skills
(
pretend
play,
follow
persons
gaze,
imitate
others)
by
14
months.
This
is
delayed
in
children
with
ASD.
Mental vs Physical Test
2
characters
1
holding
a
drink
The
other
thinking
of
holding
a
drink
Child
asked
‘who
can
drink
the
juice?’
Neurotypical 4
year
old
should
answer
correctly.
A
child
with
ASD
will
struggle
to.
Sally - Anne Test
Sally
has
a
basket.
Anne
has
a
box.
Sally
has
a
ball.
She
puts
it
in
the
basket.
Sally
goes
for
a
walk.
Anne
takes
the
ball
out
of
the
basket
and
puts
it
in
the
box.
Where
will
Sally
look
for
her
ball?
Child
with
ASD
will
say
Sally
will
look
in
the
box,
not
understanding
Sally
doesn’t
have
the
same
info
they
do.
Strengths of ToM
Supporting
evidence (
Sally-Anne
test)
Biological
basis
(
superior
temporal
sulcas
has
been
identified
as
an
area
responsible
for
ToM.
Cheng
found
that
the
STS
functioned
differently
in
people
with
ASD.
)
Weaknesses of ToM
Doesn‘t
apply
to
everyone.
(In
Baron-Cohen’s
research
20
%
children
with
ASD
passed
Sally-Anne
test
).
Doesn‘t
explain
repetitive
behaviours.
Applying methods of modifying
RDI