eval points / examples P3

• eval of diagnosis: gender bias

  cotton said that women go underdiagnosed as they have closer relationships and get more support in comparison to men
• eval of diagnosis: culture bias


  simon found that people of african american descent were 9 times more likely to be diagnosed
• eval of diagnosis: co-morbidity

  buckley - 50% of schizophrenics were also diagnosed with depression
• eval of diagnosis: low validity and reliability


  cheniaux - 68 patients diagnosed with ICD and 39 with DSM, shows low criterion validity

  cheniaux - inter-rater reliability was 50% for DSM and 55% for ICD

  negative implications for patient - wrong treatment given etc
• dopamine hypothesis: PET scans

  lindostroem - injected patients with L-dopa (amino acid) and measured reuptake - found was higher and faster than control group - meaning that more dopamine in schizophrenics
• dopamine hypothesis: PET scans

  kessler - found more D2 receptors
• dopamine hypothesis: post mortems


  falkai - more dopamine in sz brains
• eval of dopamine hypothesis: bio reductionist


  bradford - involvement of glutamate in the development of sz (anxiety regulation, low levels of glutamate) glutamate has an excitatory influence on D2 receptors
• neural correlates


  torrey - 15% enlarged ventricles in sz patients, lighter brains than normal
• eval neural correlates: support

  suddath - 12/15 pairs of MZ twins (1 with sz), noticeable difference in sz brains with enlarged ventricles
• eval for drug therapy: effectiveness


  schooler - first gen and second gen are both effective - 20% reduction in symptoms
• eval for drug therapy: non-adherence and relapse rates


  schooler - 55% relapse rate for first gen, 42% for second gen
• psychdyn exp for offending: research support

  goreta - 10 offenders experienced feelings of unconscious guilt and needs for self punishment - evidence for harsh superego
• mat dep and offending is only correlational

  lewis - 500 interviewed, no reliable link between two variables
• behaviour mod: effectiveness


  hobbs and holt - 27 % increase in positive behaviours - however does depend on consistent staff
• behav mod: individual differences

  rice - 50% of men in psych hospitals went on to reoffend - may not be effective for mental health related crimes
• anger management: effectiveness


  howells - meta-analysis, found only moderate improvement in behaviour

  taylor and novaco - found 75% improvement rate