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• Pandemic


  The spread of a new disease around the world, characterized by a surge in illness over a large area
• Criteria for a Pandemic

  • Spread - Must span many countries or continents, or over a wide area
  • Number of People Affected - Involves a large number of people
  • Novelty - Often a new disease or strain, leading to rapid spread due to little or no immunity in the population
• COVID-19 Pandemic


  • Dramatic loss of human life worldwide
  • Unprecedented challenges to public health, food systems, and the world of work
  • Severe economic and social disruption
• Control Measures for Pandemics

  • Following guidelines to minimize spread
  • Vaccination and medical treatment
  • Social distancing and quarantine measures
• Terrorism


  Unlawful use of violence and intimidation, especially against civilians, in pursuit of political aims
• Causes of Terrorism

  • Perceptions of Deprivation and Inequality
  • Lack of Political Legitimacy and Continuity
  • Spillover Effect
  • Influence of Mass Media
  • Skewed Gender Balance
  • Windows of Opportunity
  • Hegemony and Globalization
• Exposure to Terrorism

  • Poor Societies with Weak State Structures
  • Democratic Transition States
  • Modernizing Societies
  • Weak and Collapsed States
  • Ongoing or Past Wars
• Distinguishing Terrorism from Other Violence

  • Homicide
  • Hate Crime
  • State-based Armed Conflict
  • Non-state Conflict
  • One-sided Violence
• A pandemic involves wide geographical spread, a large number of people affected, and often a new disease
• COVID-19 has had a severe global impact on health, economy, and society
• Terrorism is politically motivated violence aimed at civilians and can arise from various socio-economic and political factors
• Differentiate terrorism from other forms of violence based on intent, actors involved, and targets
• Global Migration


  The movement of persons away from their place of usual residence, either across an international border or within a State
• Reasons for Migration


  • Economic opportunities, work, education
  • Family reunification
  • Escaping conflict, persecution, terrorism, human rights violations
  • Response to climate change, natural disasters, environmental factors
• Types of Migration


  • Internal Migration - Movement within the same country
  • International Migration - Movement across international borders
• Types of International Migration

  • Immigrants - Move permanently to another country
  • Workers - Stay in another country for a fixed period for employment
  • Illegal Immigrants - Move to another country without proper documentation
  • Migrants - Move due to family petitions
  • Refugees (Asylum-seekers) - Unable or unwilling to return due to fear of persecution based on race, religion, nationality, group membership, or political opinion
• 2019: 272 million international migrants
• 2010: 221 million international migrants
• International migrants are 3.5% of the global population (up from 2.8% in 2000 and 2.3% in 1980)
• Forcibly Displaced People (2018): 70 million, including 26 million refugees, 3.5 million asylum seekers, and 41 million internally displaced persons
• Migrant Demographics

  • 48% female
  • 38 million migrant children
  • 75% are of working age (20-64 years old)
  • 164 million are migrant workers
• Regional Distribution of International Migrants (2019)

  • Asia: 31%
  • Europe: 30%
  • Americas: 26%
  • Africa: 10%
  • Oceania: 3%
• Malthusian Model


  Thomas Malthus predicted population increases exponentially while resources grow arithmetically, leading to resource depletion
• Ehrlich's Warning (1960s)


  Predicted that overpopulation would cause environmental disasters, food shortages, and mass starvation in the 1970s and 1980s
• Criticisms of Population Control

  • Betsy Harmann - Criticized population control as a substitute for necessary social reforms (land distribution, employment creation, education, health care)
  • Other Critics - Argue population growth can spur economic development, technological and institutional innovation, and increase human ingenuity
• Current Global Population (2020): Estimate 7.8 billion, Births: Approximately 84.7 million, Population Growth: Approximately 35.6 million
• Migration is a significant contemporary global issue, driven by economic, social, and environmental factors
• The number of international migrants is rising, with significant impacts on both host and sending countries
• Population growth has historically been viewed through the lens of Malthusian theory, but contemporary views recognize the potential for innovation and development alongside population increases
• Migration and population policies have profound implications for global demographics and socio-economic structures
• Sustainable


  Utilizing resources in a way that they are not depleted or permanently damaged, maintaining resources at length without interruption or weakening, living in harmony with the natural world and protecting it from damage
• Sustainable Development (Brundtland Report)


  Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
• Key Historical Events in Sustainable Development

  • 1968: The Tragedy of the Commons by Garret Hardin
  • 1972: Limits of Growth (Club of Rome)
  • 1972: Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm, Sweden)
  • 1987: Brundtland Commission
  • 1992: Rio Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
  • 2000: Millennium Development Goals (New York)
  • 2012: Rio +20 Conference
  • 2015: Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
• The 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

  • No Poverty
  • Zero Hunger
  • Good Health and Well-being
  • Quality Education
  • Gender Equality
  • Clean Water and Sanitation
  • Affordable and Clean Energy
  • Decent Work and Economic Growth
  • Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure
  • Reduced Inequality
  • Sustainable Cities and Communities
  • Responsible Consumption and Production
  • Climate Action
  • Life Below Water
  • Life on Land
  • Peace and Justice Strong Institutions
  • Partnerships to Achieve the Goals
• Features of the SDGs

  • Integrated and indivisible
  • Balance economic, social, and environmental dimensions
  • Stimulate action in areas critical for humanity and the planet: people, planet, prosperity, peace, and partnerships
• Achievement of the SDGs depends on effective governance at national, regional, and global levels
• SDG 11 focuses on making cities inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable, highlighting the role of local governments
• Local governments play a transformative role in development and drive change from the bottom up
• Ambisyon Natin 2040 aligns with the SDGs, emphasizing a sustainable, comfortable, and secure life for Filipinos
• Sustainable development involves using resources wisely to ensure future generations can also meet their needs