histo pat hays

• Parietal cells


  Located in the isthmus of the gastric gland
• Gall bladder


  Gland of the digestive system responsible for storing concentrated bile
• Crypts of Lieberkuhn


  Region of the intestinal mucous membrane in which secretory cells are typically located
• Chief cells


  Secretory cells of the stomach responsible for protecting the surface of the stomach from acid burn and protein digestion
• Functions of the liver glands

  • Stores bile
  • Plays a role in nucleic acid metabolism
  • Activates and metabolizes many toxic substances and drugs
• Interstitial cells of Cajal


  Groups of nerve cells that serve as the pacemaker cells of the GI tract
• ECL cells


  Secretory cells in the stomach that produce histamine, which is important in the release of stomach acid
• Auerbach's plexus


  Groups of nerve cells that are located between the two layers of the muscularis externa and are responsible for peristaltic movements
• Goblet cells


  Cells of the small intestines that primarily function to synthesize and secrete mucus
• Jejunum


  Segment of the small intestine with the longest villi
• Secretory Mucosa


  Mucosal variation that contains cells that are responsible for the release of digestive enzymes
• G cells


  Cells of the stomach that are solely responsible for the secretion of a particular hormone
• Chief cells


  Located at the base of the gastric gland
• Stem cells


  Cells in the stomach that divide to replace the other cells in the gastric glands
• Filiform papillae


  Type of tongue papillae that do not contain taste buds
• Parietal cells


  Responsible for the initial activation of pepsinogen through the use of hydrochloric acid
• The submucosa is a thick connective tissue layer that contains arteries, veins, lymphatics, and nerves
• The muscularis externa surrounds the submucosa and is composed of two muscle layers, the inner circular layer and outer longitudinal layer. These two layers move perpendicularly to one another and form the basis of peristalsis
• The adventitia consists of connective tissue containing blood vessels, nerves, and fat. In the portions of the tract within the peritoneal cavity, it is lined by the Mesothelium
• Protective mucosa is characterized by a stratified squamous epithelium. It is found in the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anal canal
• Absorptive mucosa contains two key structures, crypts and villi, and is responsible primarily for absorbing digested nutrients. It is found along the entirety of the small intestine
• Absorptive/protective mucosa specializes in water absorption and mucous secretion. It is found in the large intestine
• The submucosal plexus, or Meissner's plexus, is located in the submucosal layer and controls the mucosal glands and the muscularis mucosa
• The stomach is the site where food is mixed with gastric juice and reduced to a fluid mass called chyme
• The gastric glands are the basic structure of the stomach wall and can be thought of as tiny pits, or indentations, lined by epithelial cells
• Gastric glands are structured as a gastric pit that opens into the lumen, followed by an isthmus, neck and base
• Mucous – secreting cells produce mucus and bicarbonate ions, which protect the stomach epithelium from the damaging effects of stomach acid
• The pylorus is the distal third of the stomach and terminates at the beginning of the duodenum. It possesses glands with deeper pits and large amounts of coiling and branching. These glands contain many mucous – secreting cells, ECL cells, and G – cells
• The small intestine is a long tube into whose lumen projects the plicae circularis, circular folds of the mucosal epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, and submucosa
• Lacteal is crucial for the absorption of lipids from the intestine
• The glands of Brunner are found in the duodenum
• The jejunum is the site of a great deal of nutrient absorption and has the most prominent plicae circularis
• Enterocytes are the tall columnar epithelial cells that make up most of the intestinal lining and perform most of the intestinal digestive and absorptive functions
• Paneth cells serve an immune function and are found at the base of the crypts
• Enteroendocrine cells produce hormones that govern motility and secretion, just as they do in the stomach
• The large intestine absorbs water and concentrates waste material that is formed into feces. It lacks villi and contains a disproportionately large number of goblet cells
• The lamina propria has many macrophages, plasma cells, eosinophils, and lymphoid nodules
• The appendix is a vestigial organ located near the ileo – cecal junction
• The anus is characterized by a stratified squamous epithelium that undergoes a gradual transition to skin containing sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands
• Filiform papillae are very numerous, have an elongated conical shape, and are heavily keratinized, which gives their surface a gray or whitish appearance. They provide a rough surface that facilitates movement of food during chewing