PE- aos1

• key functions of the musculoskeletal system

  - Protects the vital organs (such as the brain, the spine and the lungs)

  - Support and posture

  - Storage site for fuels, fats & minerals

  - Leverage that allows movement to occur

  - Production of blood cells (haematopoiesis)
• superior


  closer to the head
• Inferior


  closer to the feet
• anterior


  towards the front of the body
• Posterior


  towards the back of the body
• Medial


  toward the midline
• Lateral


  away from the midline
• proximal


  Closer to the point of attachment
• distal


  away from the point of attachment
• superficial


  closer to the surface of the body
• deep


  further from the surface
• palmer


  on the palm side of the hand
• plantar


  the sole side of the foot
• parts of vertebral column

  cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
• cervical vertebrae


  7 bones, make up the neck and responsible for supporting and moving the head

  C1-atlas

  C2- axis
• thoracic vertebrae


  12 bones, connect to the ribs to spinal cord, helping to protect lungs and heart
• lumbar vertebrae


  5 bones, the largest, have high weight-carrying capacity and large attachment site for powerful muscles
• Sacrum


  •Five fused bones form the sacrum that is also fused to the pelvic girdle. The sacrumdistributes the weight of the upper bodyand also provides anattachment point for many musclespromoting movement
• Coccyx


  Four fused bones forming the base of the vertebral column. It’s main function is toprovide a site for muscle attachment to allow many movementsto occur.
• 3 bones of the pelvis

  ilium, ischium, pubis
• the bones in the tarsals

  calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuboid, cuneiforms
• types of bones


  long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
• axial vs appendicular skeleton

  The axial skeleton makes up our central axis and consists of the following bones: skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum. The appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs and girdles. The girdles are the attachment points for the limbs.
• 3 main categories of joints

  1. fibrous- no movement

  2. cartilaginous- slight movement

  3. synovial- free movement
• synovial joints


  freely movable joints, allowing movement to occur such as in sport and exercise

  examples: shoulder, elbow, knee, hip
• fibrous joints


  no movement as the bones have been fused together

  examples: pelvis and skull
• cartilaginous joints


  slight movement, Examples are the ribs attaching to the sternum with some movement allowing for the mechanism of breathing
• features of synovial joints

  synovial (articular) capsule, synovial membrane and synovial fluid, as well as thecartilageat the end of the bones and theligaments.
• ligament


  connective tissue that joins bone to bone
• movement across planes


  sagittal, transverse, frontal
• Flexsion


  When the angle between articulating (joining) bones is decreased
• extension


  When the angle between articulating bones is increased
• Abduction


  When a body part is moved away from the midline of the body
• Adduction


  When a body part is moved toward the midline of the body
• medial (internal) rotation


  Rotation toward the body's midline
• lateral (external) rotation


  Rotation away from the body's midline
• Circumduction


  When a limb moves in a circular fashion
• Supination


  When the forearm is rotated, turning from palm down to palm up
• Pronation


  When the forearm is rotated to face the palm downwards
• Dorsiflexion


  When the toes are pointed upwards