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• Impulse


  The change in the momentum of an object with respect to time
• Collision


  Isolated event wherein two or more colliding bodies exerts forces on each other for a short period of time
• Friction


  Force that opposes the motion of the object
• Elasticity


  The ability of an object to go back to its original length or form after being stretch or deformed
• Torque


  The turning effect of force on an object
• Work


  The product of the force parallel to the displacement
• Joule


  Amount of work done of an object per unit of time
• Contact force


  Force that acts on the objects by merely touching it
• Normal force


  Force that was exerted by a surface of the object
• Free body diagram


  Physical model of an object that is affected by several forces
• Parallel circuit


  A circuit in which the current divides into two or more paths before recombining to complete the circuit
• Schematic diagram


  A structural or procedural diagram, especially of an electrical or mechanical system
• Electricity


  A phenomenon associated with stationary or moving electrons, ions, or other charged particles
• Induction


  The process by which electrical or magnetic properties are transferred, without physical contact from one circuit to another
• Alternating current


  Electric current that reverses its direction of flow in a regular pattern
• Electric charge


  A flow of electric charge
• Electric current


  The passage of electricity through a conductor
• Transformer


  A device that transfers electric energy from one circuit to another
• Kirchhoff's Junction Rule


  The sum of all the circuits entering a point is equal to the sum that leaves
• RC circuit


  Circuits that contain resistors and capacitors
• Constructive interference


  Phenomenon that occurs when two waves meet and combine to form a wave with a larger amplitude
• Focal point


  The point where light rays converge after passing through a converging lens
• Prism


  Optical element that splits light into its constituent colors through dispersion
• Critical angle


  Term used to describe the angle at which light must strike a surface to produce total internal reflection
• Huygens' Principle


  States that every point on a wavefront is a source of spherical wavelets, and the sum of these wavelets forms the wavefront at any subsequent time
• Diffraction


  Wave property that explains the spreading of waves when they pass through a small aperture or around an obstacle
• Doppler effect


  Term for the shift in frequency and wavelength of a wave as observed from a moving source relative to the observer
• Diffraction Grating


  Describe the phenomenon where light waves are scattered in such a way that they exhibit constructive and destructive interference leading to the appearance of a spectrum
• Rayleigh scattering


  Phenomenon called when light is scattered in different directions due to small particles in the medium
• Edge Diffraction


  Term for the effect where the path of light waves passing close to the edge of an obstacle is altered
• Entropy


  A measure of the disorder of a system
• System


  A body or group of bodies being considered in a situation
• Thermal Equilibrium


  The state where the temperatures of two objects are equal
• Heat Engine


  Any device that is capable of transforming heat partly into mechanical energy or work
• Heat


  Energy flowing from an object with a higher temperature to an object with a lower temperature
• Temperature


  Proportional to the average translational kinetic energy of an object
• Calorie


  A unit of heat which is equivalent to 4.156 J
• Forces acted on the mechanical system

  • Gravitational force
  • Friction force
  • Tension
• Laws of motion


  • Law of acceleration
  • Law of inertia
  • Law of interaction
• Fundamental forces in non-contact force

  • Gravitational force
  • Electromagnetic force
  • Strong and weak nuclear