Geography Exam Revision

• BOLTSSA


  • Border
  • Orientation
  • Legend
  • Title
  • Scale
  • Source
  • Accuracy
• Border


  • A map needs a border drawn around the whole map
• Orientation


  • A map needs the direction of where North is pointing to
• Legend


  • A map needs to have a legend / key which identifies what various symbols / features mean when looking at the map
• Title


  • A title tells the reader what the map is showing or about
• Scale


  • Scale on a map is normally a ratio scale 1:25000 means 1cm on the map represents 250 metres on the land
• Source


  • Who created the map. If you then your surname and year created outside border of SE corner of the map
• Accuracy


  • Is about whether you or the reader believes the map is reliable and accurate
• Every map should apply BOLTSSA as this allows for a well-presented map that follows the rules of Geographic mapping
• Geographical concepts


  Help you make sense of your world, allow you to investigate and understand the world, help you think geographically
• SPACE


  • Describes the location on the surface of the Earth
  • Two key types: Absolute location (latitude/Longitude, grid reference), Relative location (how far from another place)
• PLACES


  Parts of the Earth's surface that are identified and given meaning by people, can be described by their location, shape, boundaries, features, environment, and human characteristics, can be perceived differently
• PLACES


  • SKC- Place for learning
  • MCG- Place for watching sport
• INTERCONNECTION


  No object in geography can be viewed in isolation, there are connections within Geography, understanding these connections helps us to understand how and why places are changing, most require different levels of movement- Strong / Moderate or Weak
• CHANGE


  Can take place over time and a space, allows us to better understand a place, environment, spatial patterns (how things relate) or a geographic problem, can be fast or slow
• ENVIRONMENT


  Defined as the physical and biological world around us, can be natural or human
• SUSTAINABILITY


  The capacity of the environment to continue to support life, if it is sustainable it can support life for now and future generations, if it is unsustainable then it is being used at a greater rate than it can replace itself
• SCALE


  • Different to map scale, observational scale refers to the size, can be: Local – in a limited area, Regional – large area with connections, National – an entire country, International – two or more countries, Global – the whole world
• Direction is when we use the directional points:

  ·        Cardinal – North, East, South, West

  ·        Inter Cardinal- Northeast- Southeast, South West, North West

   

  Bearing – Is the same as a direction but instead we use the degrees as numbers like on a compass- East is 90° South is 180°
• Types of water use

  • Industrial use - production of goods and electricity
  • Agricultural use - growing food and farming
  • Domestic use - use in the home
• Virtual water


  Also known as embedded, embodied or hidden water. It is all the water used to produce goods and services.
• Food production uses more water than any other use in the world.
• 2.5% of the water on earth is fresh water.
• Electricity accounts for 90% of the water use in industries.
• A person uses on average 300L of water per day in developed countries.
• Virtual water


  The water used in the production of products and the food we eat.
• Things that use water in the process of producing a steak

  • Feeding the cow - wheat/corn/grain/roughage
  • Water the cow drinks
  • Servicing the farmhouse
  • Transporting cows
  • Process of slaughter
  • Producing boneless beef
• 3 billion people lack access to safe drinking water.
• Hazard


  An event that can cause extreme loss or damage
• Hydro-meteorological hazard


  • Hazards that begin in the atmosphere and climate
  • Examples: droughts, floods, bushfires
• Natural hazards


  • Droughts
  • Floods
  • Bushfire
  • Cyclones
  • Tornadoes
  • Earthquakes
• Disaster


  The realization of the hazard, i.e. harm has occurred
• Criteria for a disaster

  • 10 or more deaths
  • 100 or more people affected
  • US $1 million in economic losses
• Increasing global surface temperatures

  Possibility of more droughts and increased intensity of storms
• More water vapor evaporated into the atmosphere


  Fuel for more powerful storms to develop
• More heat in the atmosphere and warmer ocean surface temperatures


  Can lead to increased wind speeds in tropical storms
• Rising sea levels


  Expose higher locations not usually subjected to the power of the sea and to the erosive forces of waves and currents
• Pattern - Observe and identify the general patterns across the map by finding a high and low concentration of a particular feature.
• Quantification - Extract specific and accurate information from the map as evidence of the patterns. Quantifying involves using statistics, amounts, sizes and locations to give specific details.
• Exception - Identify and quantify details that do not fit the patterns identified. Anomalies are also significant information for geographers.