earth and space

• Our planet is the only place in the Universe that we know of that is home to living things
• Earth was formed about 4.54 billion years ago
• The Earth takes 365.25 days to orbit the Sun. This makes 1 year
• Earth is spinning as it moves around the Sun. It takes 24 hours to turn around, making one day
• Earth is the third planet from the Sun, which is 150 million km (93 million miles) away from it
• Earth is part of the Solar System, a group of eight planets that travel around the Sun
• The Moon is slowly moving away from Earth. Every year, it drifts 3.8 cm (1.5 inches) further
• The Earth is spinning slower than it used to. 500,000 years from now, a day will be one second longer
• moons are natural satellites that orbit planets
• the sun is the center of our solar system
• planets are celestial bodies that orbit around stars, including earth
• the sun is made up mostly of hydrogen gas
• the moon orbits at an average distance of about 384,000 kilometers from Earth.
• planets are large objects that orbit stars like the sun
• the moon's surface has many craters caused by meteorite impacts over millions of years
• asteroids are small rocky bodies that orbit the sun
• the moon does not have any atmosphere because its gravity cannot hold onto gases like nitrogen and oxygen
• meteoroids are small rocks or debris floating through space
• comets are made up of ice, dust, and gas
• asteroids are large rocky objects that float through space
• what is the coldest place in earth
• what is the hottest place on earth
• what is the largest continent by area
• Composite (stratovolcano)


  • Symmetrical cones with steep sides made up of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks, and volcanic bombs
  • Formed by the accumulation of several eruptions over time
• Composite volcanoes


  • Mt. Vesuvius (Italy)
  • Mt. Krakatoa (Indonesia)
  • Mt. Mayon (Philippines)
  • Mt. Pinatubo (Philippines)
• Shield volcanoes


  • Broad, sloping sides made up almost entirely of lava
  • Surrounded by gently sloping hills in a circular or fan-shaped pattern
• Shield volcanoes


  • Mt. Mauna Loa (Hawaii)
  • Diamond Peak (Oregon)
• Cinder cone volcanoes


  • Eject melted volcanic rock that solidifies into pebble-sized, low-density basalt materials called cinders or scoria
  • Height depends on the length of the eruption
  • Monogenetic - erupt only once
• Cinder cone volcanoes


  • Jolo group of volcanoes (Mindanao, Philippines)
  • Mt. Paricutin (Mexico)
• Caldera


  Cauldron-like feature formed by the collapse of land during a volcanic eruption
• A cinder cone volcano is a type of volcano that spits out melted volcanic rock that solidifies into pebble-sized, low-density basalt called a cinder, or scoria
• A composite volcano, or a stratovolcano, has a symmetrical cone and steep sides made up of alternating layers of lava flows, volcanic ash, cinders, blocks and volcanic bombs
• A shield volcano is characterized by its broad sloping sides and looks like a warrior's shield (top view)
• Mt. Mauna Loa of Hawaii is the biggest and the most famous shield volcano in the world
• A caldera is a cauldron-like feature formed by the collapse of land during a volcanic eruption
• Communication


  Process of sharing and conveying messages or information that occurs between two or more people
• Communication can be expressed through written, spoken actions or both spoken words and non-verbal action at the same time
• Elements of Communication

  • Speaker
  • Message
  • Encoding
  • Channel
  • Receiver
  • Decoding
  • Feedback
  • Context
  • Barrier
• Speaker


  The source of message/information or the one who delivers the message/information
• Message


  The information, ideas, conveyed by speaker in words or action