case studies

• Rio de Janeiro , Brazil (uiac) - location and importance

  Rio de Janeiro in emerging city in Brazil, South America around Guanabara bay. It is the second most populated city in Brazil. Recently millions of people from rural areas have migrated to major cities such as Rio to seek better opportunities. The city holds much regional and international significance these include:

  • This it is the second most important industrial centre in the country.
  • The statue of Christ Redeemer is one of the seven new wonders of the world.
  • The city is one of the most visited places in the southern hemisphere.
• Rio de Janeiro , Brazil (uiac) - city challenges

  • Half of the population doesn't have access to local health clinic.
  • Only half of the children continue education beyond 14 due to a lack of schools.
  • Around 12% of the population has no access to running water.
  • Blackouts occur due to frequent power cuts.
  • The city suffers from high crime rates.
  • There is a wide gap between rich and poor in terms of wages.
• Rio de Janeiro , Brazil (uiac) - city challenges

  • Most people who work in favelas work in informal sector.
  • There is high unemployment in the favelas.
  • Heavy pollution due to industrialisation and poor sanitation.
  • Squatter settlements are built on on stable hilltops.
• Rio de Janeiro , Brazil (uiac) - city opportunities

  • Rio has one of the highest incomes per person in the country.
  • The city provides 6% of the country's total employment.
  • Increasingly the city is improving peoples access to services such as education and healthcare.
  • The growth of urban industrial areas can increase economic development.
  • As the city becomes more industrialised, the city will become wealthier.
• Rio de Janeiro , Brazil (uiac) - managing urban growth 


  The favela bairro project is a government plan to improve and upgrade the quality of life in favelas. these plans include:

  • Rehousing people in new basic housing
  • Developing new areas of the city where people can be rehoused
  • Enforcing evictions in some favelas to allow for development
  • Introducing self-help schemes to redevelop housing
  • Providing programs for youths to stop getting into crime
• sheffield, uk (uiac) - location and importance

  Sheffield is known as the "steel city "-it was once the steelmaking capital of the world. In 1742, local manufacturer Benjamin huntsmans "Crucible steel process "revolutionised production, creating tougher, higher quality steel, which could be made in large quantities. The invention moved Sheffield from a small township to a leading European industrial city.
• sheffield, uk (uiac) - location and importance

  The thatcher years devastating impact, with further recession, warring between government and unions, and ultimately British Steel second and final privatisation. Sheffield lost more than 50,000 steel and engineering jobs between 1980 and 1983.
• sheffield, uk (uiac) - location and importance

  Sheffield is part of the important "core cities " Group in the UK set up in 1995. The UK core cities city regions are home to 20 million people. Their diverse populations have grown steadily since 2006 and are set to rise by almost 3 million by 2036, when the core cities will account for 23% of the U.K.'s population growth. Core cities city regions deliver a total of 26% of the UK economic output, over 20% of exports, are homed to almost 40% of university students are drivers of the wider regional economies.
• sheffield, uk (uiac) - uk important


  • Sheffield economy is worth over £11.3 billion.
  • Multiple junctions and the UK biggest motorway J30-34
• sheffield, uk (uiac) - globally


  • Two large universities. Sheffield University is ranked 82nd in the whole world, attracting over 5000 international students.
  • The snooker world Championships at the Crucible watched by 210 million people in China in 2016.
  • Two large theatres and an arena.
• sheffield, uk (uiac) - globally



  • Biggest Chinese investment outside London. Sheffield city council announced as an initial £220 million would pay for 4 or 5 city centre projects over the next three years and create "hundreds if not thousands "of jobs in South Yorkshire.
  • Internationally acclaimed music scene. Arctic Monkeys, pulp, Def Leppard, Reverend and the Makers, human league to mention a few.
• sheffield, uk (uiac) - 
city challenges


  • Inequality in income-average salary in Sheffield is £36,634 per year. The most typical earning is £23,515.
  • Salaries are different between men and women. Men receive an average salary of £42,033. Women receive a salary of £28,511.
  • Inequality in accessing education-significant number of BME children not accessing education to the north-east of the city.
  • Adults with no formal qualification Sheffield is above the national average.
  • Average life expectancy lower than the national average.
• sheffield, uk (uiac) - city opportunities

  • 21st-century economy, based on technology and innovation.
  • Cultural mix-different ethnic groups bringing their ideas, food, music and culture to Sheffield. E.g. international cuisine on London Road. Sharrowvale festival.
  • Recreation and into entertainment. Sheffield arena-13,000 capacity. Two football teams. Influential music scene.
  • Employment in high-tech industries, attracting highly skilled professionals.
  • Integrated transport system.
  • Urban greening-Sheffield Council investing £1.5 million into city parks over the next five years.
• sheffield, uk (uiac) - kelham island regeneration project

  • One of the oldest Indusstrial parts of the city.
  • The closure of the steel industry mid 20th century sent the area into decline.
  • 2008 Kelham Neepsend action plan identified Kelham island as an area in need of regeneration.
• sheffield, uk (uiac) - kelham island key aim

  To build on the areas assets: it's special architectural identity; it's strong links with Sheffield industrial heritage; the river; it's a well established and diverse business community; it's growing residential community; to create a distinctive and sustainable mixed-use area: and thus contribute to regeneration of the city centre and adjoining neighbourhoods.
• sheffield, uk (uiac) - kelham island benefits

  • Kelham Island voted 35th coolest neighbourhood in the world.
  • Kelham Arcade homes independent retailers.
  • Kelham Island Heritage Trail has seen artwork commission to commemorate the areas industrial heritage.
  • Little Kelham has transformed a brownfield site into a sustainable housing development.
• sheffield, uk (uiac) - kelham island costs

  • Gentrification
  • Inequalities
  • Still a large number of derelict properties
• sustainable towns and cities, sheffield (uiac)

  • Sheffield is estimated to contain more than 4.5 million trees, giving it more trees per person than any other city in Europe. With over 250 public parks and 52 square miles of National Park, Sheffield remains one of the greenest cities in the country.
  • A clean air zone around the city centre launches in February 2023.
  • Litter pickers, bags and gloves are available in many local libraries in Sheffield, so encourage people to proactively look after their neighbourhoods.
• sustainable towns and cities, sheffield (uiac)

  • 16 parks in Sheffield hold the green flag award - an international mark of quality for well-managed parks and green spaces all over the world.
  • In August 2022, Sheffield city council began its first ever food waste recycling trial, with 8200 households in Sheffield being urged to recycle food separately from the rest of the rubbish. The food collected will be taken to anaerobic digestion facilities in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire where it will be recycled into biofuel and a nutrient rich fertiliser and soil improver for use in farming.
• sustainable towns and cities, sheffield (uiac)

  • Smart energy metres have been installed for council tenants. This has created a 40% saving for tenants as well as a substantial reduction in wasted energy.
  • Award-winning grey to green sustainable urban drainage system has replaced roads with cycle path and drought friendly, pollen rich planting that captures water to prevent flooding
• traffic management , sheffield (uiac)

  Sheffield had a large problem with private car ownership creating heavy levels of pollution within the city. Solution is Sheffield integrated transport system. Network hubs allowed to jump on a bus and then a tram or train extremely easily with connections to other major cities and international transport.
• traffic management , sheffield (uiac)

  • Bus lanes in place to speed up public transport.
  • ofo bike scheme run for 2017 to 2018. Allowed you to hire a bike from anywhere in the city using an app. This scheme was removed after a year due to vandalism.
  • Cycle network established.
  • Sheffield cycle scheme - run by the University with 7 docking stations across the city, did aim to encourage university students to cycle, although it is open to the general public.
• migration to rio (uiac)

  The city began when Portuguese settlers with slaves arrived in 1502. Since then Rio has become home to various ethnic groups. However more recently, millions of people have migrated from rural areas that have suffered from drought, lack of services and unemployment. People do this to search for better quality of life. This expanding population has resulted in the rapid urbanisation of Rio de Janeiro.
• migration to sheffield (uiac)

  During the industrial revolution, the population dramatically increased with people migrating from nearby rural communities. With the attraction of working in the large steelworks or mines, international migrants from Ireland, Pakistan and the Caribbean came to work in Sheffield from 1900 to 1960. More recently, refugees have arrived from Syria and Iraq. Also Sheffield has attracted thousands of students from the UK and abroad.
• tourism in Jamaica (tcew) - location and background

  Jamaica is a LIC island nation part of the Caribbean. Location makes Jamaica an attractive place for visitors to explore the tropical blue seas, skies and Palm filled sandy beaches. Jamaica also has an interesting cultural heritage (plantation houses), great air communications but also port facilities for cruise liners.
• tourism in Jamaica (tcew) - ways tourism is reducing the development gap


  • In 2015 2.12 million visited Jamaica for the all year tropical climate.
  • In 2014 tourism contributed 24% of Jamaica's gross domestic product. This is expected to rise to over 30% by 2024.
  • Tourism income exceeds $2 billion each year.
  • Tourism is the main source of employment - over 200,000 local people are employed in the sector.
  • Multiplier effect.
• tourism in Jamaica (tcew) - has tourism been successful at reducing the development gap, positives

  • Global recession 2008 caused a decline in tourism. Now tourism is beginning to recover.
  • Jobs from tourism have meant more money being spent in shops and other businesses.
  • Government has invested in infrastructure to support tourism.
  • New sewage treatment plants have reduced pollution.
  • Many local people in key tourist sites of Montego Bay have witnessed improvements in the quality of life.
  • The environment has benefited by landscaping and the designation of nature parks.
• tourism in Jamaica (tcew) - has tourism been successful at reducing the development gap, negatives


  • Tourists do not always spend much money outside their resorts. This means that there still are pockets of poverty on the island.
  • Infrastructure improvements have not spread to the whole island, instead they're mainly focused around tourist resorts and sites.
  • Many people in Jamaica still live in poor quality housing and lack basic services such as healthcare.
• economic development in nigeria (tcew) - location and background

  Nigeria is an NEE in west Africa boarded by Benin, Niger, Chad and Cameroon. Nigeria just north of the equator and experiences a range of climates and natural environments.
• economic development in nigeria (tcew) - global and regional importance

  • Nigeria is the world's 21st largest economy and is still experiencing growth.
  • Nigeria is ranked seventh in the world by size of population.
  • Nigeria has the third largest manufacturing sector in Africa.
  • Nigeria has the highest farm output in Africa.
• economic development in nigeria (tcew) - influences upon Nigerias development

  • Suffered instability with a civil war between 1967 and 1970.
  • From 1999, the country became stable with free and fair elections.
  • Stability has encouraged global investment from China and USA.
  • Regional conflicts from groups such as the Boko Haram terrorists.
  • Nigeria's diversity has created rich and varied artistic culture.
  • The country has a rich music, literacy and film industry (e.g. Nollywood)
• economic development in nigeria (tcew) - industrial structure and economy

  • Once based on agriculture, it's economy is now manufacturing and services.
  • A thriving manufacturing industry is increasing foreign investment and employment opportunities.
• economic development in nigeria (tcew) - changing relationships

  • Nigeria plays a leading role with the African union and UN.
  • Growing links with China with huge investment in infrastructure.
  • Main imports include petrol from EU, cars from Brazil and phones from China.
• economic development in nigeria (tcew) - aid and debt relief

  • Receives $5 billion per year in aid.
  • Aid groups (action aid) have improved health centres, provided anti-mosquito nets and helped to protect people against AIDS/HIV.
  • Some aid fails to reach the people who need it due to corruption.
• economic development in nigeria (tcew) - effects of economic development

  • Life expectancy has increased from 46 to 53 years.
  • 64% have access to safe water.
  • Typical schooling years have increased from 7 to 9 years.
• shell oil (TNC) in nigeria (tcew) - background

  Transnational corporations have played an important role in Nigeria's recent economic growth. Importantly the development of Nigeria's oil and gas industry depend on the investment and expertise of TNCs such as Royal Dutch Shell (UK, Netherlands).
• shell oil (TNC) in nigeria (tcew) - advantages of TNCs in nigeria

  • TNCs have been the main source of investment in oil and gas explorations by supporting the construction of oil and gas platforms.
  • The investment has created employment opportunities and raised incomes and contributed hugely to the Nigerian economy.
  • Many Nigerian companies have benefited from the exploitation of oil and gas by winning contracts with the TNCs.
• shell oil (TNC) in nigeria (tcew) -advantages of TNCs in nigeria

  • The government benefits from export taxes, providing money that can be spent on improving education, healthcare and services.
  • TNCs such as Shell have many international business links. This can help industry to thrive even further.
• shell oil (TNC) in nigeria (tcew) -disadvantages of TNCs in nigeria

  • Tankers transport oil to Europe and the USA where it is refined into petroleum products. This means that profits go abroad rather than benefiting the host country.
  • TNCs can exploit the low-wage economy and avoid paying locally or even full taxes.
• shell oil (TNC) in nigeria (tcew) -disadvantages of TNCs in nigeria


  • There have been many oil spills in the fragile delta environment, causing water pollution and damaging fisheries.
  • Oil fares and toxic fumes have increased air pollution.
  • Social unrest in the area has led to theft, sabotage and violent crime.
  • Incentives to attract TNCs could have been spent supporting Nigerian companies instead.