infection and response

• pathogens are microorganisms that cause disease in humans or animals
• they produce toxins and damage the body's cells and tissues
• virus' reproduce rapidly inside the body and make the cell burst
• protists live in organisms and transferred to organisms by vectors
• fungi grow and penetrate human skin and on the surface of plants
• pathogens can spread through the air, water, or direct contact with an infected person
• measles cause red skin rash, fever, and cough. prevented by vaccination
• HIV cause flu like symptoms, prevented by antiretrovirals
• malaria causes high temperature, headaches, and vomiting. Prevented by mosquito nets
• TMV causes a mosaic pattern on the leaf, plants will not be able to photosynthesise
• rose black spot is a fungal disease that causes purple spots on leaves and stems, prevented by fungicides
• salmonella causes food poisoning and is spread through contaminated food
• gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria, prevented by gonorrhoea
• skin is a barrier to pathogens, it is a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body
• mucus traps pathogens so they can't enter the body
• white blood cells engulf and destroy pathogens
• stomach acid kills most ingested pathogens
• antibodies bind to antigens on pathogen surfaces, preventing them from causing damage
• antibodies bind to specific antigens on pathogen surfaces, marking them for destruction by white blood cells
• vaccines contain weakened or dead forms of pathogens which stimulate an immune response without causing illness
• pain killers relieve pain
• aspirin is a chemical found in willow
• digitalis: a drug prepared from the dried leaves of foxgloves
• alexander flemming discovered penicillin in 1928
• pre clinical - human cells and tissues are used to test the effectiveness of a drug
• pre clinical - animal testing, human testing, clinical trials, post clinical - approval, marketing, distribution, sales, regulation