Tactical + Instrumental voting

• Tactical


  Highest in north, south-east, south-west England

  1/3 voters vote tactically
• Tactical


  In 2015 Tactical voting cudve affected 77 results
• Tactical Voting


  Vote tactically because of electoral system FPTP
• Tactical Voting


  2017 June estimated 65 million people voted tactically
• Tactical Voting


  FPTP ignores views of many and turns election into a race for two biggest party
• Tactical Voting


  Doesnt have effect

  E.g. in Scotland 2015, tried to keep SNP out by voting tactically but SNP won handsomely
• Tactical Voting


  Almost 1/3 of voters in 2019 general election
• Tactical Voting


  Younger voters more likely with 35% under 25s voting this way
• Tactical Voting


  Voters feel they have to vote for lesser evil
• Issue 


  Suggest voters do study parties manifesto
• Issue


  As result of partisan and class dealignment voters can choose to vote on issues that are important to them
• Issue


  1983, landslide victory as sed Labour's Michael Foot will reverse right to buy scheme
• Issue


  2015 general election immigration was core issue

  Led to UKIP increase in votes from 3.1% in 2005 to 12.6%
• Issue


  1997 Labour 11% swing among upper classes even though they affected by windfill tax

  Incompetence of Majors govt mattered more than economic self-interest
• Issue


  Make decisions on how govt respond to certain issues
• Issue


  Considered less important than govt reputation of competence
• Issue


  Political parties establish focus groups to find out what issues public feels most strongly about

  Tailor manifesto to that
• Issue


  2017, core issue was where parties stood on Brexit

  Labour commitment to abolishing tuition fees was strong incentive for young