Unit 2 quizzes

• Why is a chest x-ray taken at low contrast?


   It allows better visualization of soft tissues.
• Why is the cardiothoracic ratio just an estimate that may require further testing?

  Any change in the position of the diaphragm could affect the ratio
• What is the costal part of the origin of the diaphragm?

  Inner surface of ribs 7-12 
• What is the insertion of transversus thoracis?

  Inner surface of the costal cartilages of ribs 2-6 
• What is the origin of transversus thoracis?


   Inner surface of sternum and xiphoid process
• What is the lumbar part of the origin of the diaphragm?

  Lateral and medial arcuate ligaments

  Vertebral bodies, disks and anterior longitudinal ligament of L1-L3
• External intercostal muscle attaches at the lower margin of a rib to the upper margin of the next lower rib. How would you describe the fiber direction?

  Obliquely forward and downward 
• What is the insertion of the diaphragm?

  central tendon
• Internal and innermost intercostals attach from the lower margin of a rib to the upper margin of the next lower rib. What portion of the thoracic cage includes innermost intercostal muscle fibers?

  lateral 2/4
• What is the sternal part of the origin of the diaphragm?

  xiphoid process
• What is the origin of transversus abdominis?

  Internal surfaces of costal cartilage of ribs 7-12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and iliopsoas fascia
• What is the insertion of quadratus lumborum?

   Inferior border of rib 12 and transverse processes of L1-L4 
• What is the origin of quadratus lumborum?

   Iliolumbar ligament and iliac crest 
• What is the origin of rectus abdominis?


  Pubic crest and pubic symphysis 
• What is the origin of internal abdominal oblique?

  Thoracolumbar fascia, anterior two thirds of iliac crest, and lateral half of inguinal ligament
• What is the insertion of rectus abdominis?

  Xiphoid process and costal cartilage of ribs 5-7 
• What is the insertion of internal abdominal oblique?

  Inferior borders of ribs 10-12 and linea alba 
• What is the insertion of transversus abdominis?

  Linea alba and pubic crest
• What is the origin of external abdominal oblique?

  External surface of ribs 5-12 
• What is the insertion of external abdominal oblique?

  Linea alba, pubic tubercles and anterior half of iliac crest 
• Your abdominal organs receive dual innervation from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems. Following a meal, what is most likely occurring in your abdominal cavity?

  An increase in parasympathetic innervation promotes peristalsis, secretion of hormones and enzymes from glands and local vasodilation resulting in increased blood flow and decreased blood pressure
• Which of the following splanchnic nerves only carries parasympathetic motor innervation to the abdominopelvic cavity?

  Pelvic splanchnic nerves 
• The ANS motor output differs from somatic motor innervation. The ANS motor output requires a two-neuron chain to reach its target tissues. What is true of the two-neuron chain?

  The preganglionic neurons synapse with the postganglionic neurons in a ganglia which is located within or nearby the target tissues
• Which of the following is considered a target tissue of the autonomic nervous system?

  Muscular layer of the small intestine

  Pancreas (glandular tissue releasing insulina and glucagon) 
• For sympathetic innervation of the abdominal viscera: what is the pathway for sympathetic innervation of the foregut (stomach and duodenum)?

  Preganglionics from T5-T7 pass through the sympathetic trunk and are part of the greater splanchnic nerve, before synapsing in a prevertebral ganglion (celiac ganglion) 
• Anterior expansion of the thoracic cage (pump-handle) is due to movement of the upper ribs at the _____________ joint complex.

  costovertebral
• The costal cartilage of the ribs articulates with the rib bone itself (costochondral) and the sternum (sternocostal). What do these joints have in common?

  At rib 1, both joints are primary cartilaginous joints 
• The diaphragm is innervated by the _________.

  phrenic nerve C3-C5 
• Serratus posterior muscles do not contribute much to the movement of the thoracic cage. Instead they have a role in

  proprioception
• This muscle is located on the internal aspect of the thoracic wall, is attached to the sternum, and is supplied by the internal thoracic arteries. 

  Transversus thoracis 
• Quiet inspiration primarily involves the diaphragm and these thoracic wall muscles.

  external intercostal m.
• The right posterior intercostal veins drain to this vein before draining to the superior vena cava.

  azygos v.
• what is found in the hilum of the lungs

  connective tissues (pulmonary lig.), pulmonary veins, primary bronchi, pulmonary arteries
• To access the heart during open-heart surgery, surgeons first go through the anterior thoracic wall (usually the sternum). Once through the entire wall, the first layer cut will be the ____.

  Fibrous pericardium 
• The coronary arteries originate from this large vessel.

  aorta
• Atrioventricular valves are anchored to the ventricular walls through attachment to these muscles.

  papillary m.
• A blockage of the right coronary artery would affect blood supply to the ____.

  Posterior aspect of the heart 
• Lymphatic drainage from the left half of the body and part of the right half of the body moves from the thoracic duct into the _________.

  Left subclavian vein/ internal jugular vein junction 
• Which of the following is a point of constriction for the esophagus?


  The region where the esophagus passes the hilum (primary bronchus) of the left lung
• The fatty superficial layer of the subcutaneous tissue of the abdominal wall is also called __________.

  camper's fascia