Lesson 2

• Infection


  A condition that results when a microorganism/microbe is able to invade the body, multiply, and cause injury or disease
• Types of infection


  • Communicable infection
  • Healthcare-associated infection/Nosocomial infection
• Communicable infection


  • Bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus
  • Virus - COVID-19, Rhinovirus
• All pathogens are communicable but mas mabili makahawa ang bacteria of virus
• Communicable Parasite


  • Pinworm/seatworm
  • Fungi - Athlete's foot, ringworm
• Immunocompromised


  Low levels of immune system either may HIV or genetically susceptible
• Components of the Chain of Infection

  • Infectious Agent
  • Reservoir
  • Portal of Exit
  • Means of Transmission
  • Portal of Entry
  • Susceptible Host

  
• Breaking the Chain of Infection

  • Effective hand hygiene procedures
  • Good nutrition, adequate rest, and reduction of stress
  • Immunization against common pathogens
  • Insect and rodent control
  • Isolation procedures
  • Proper decontamination of surfaces and instruments
  • Proper disposal of sharps and infectious waste
  • Use of gloves, gowns, masks, respirators, and other personal protective equipment (PPE) when indicated
  • Use of needle safety devices during blood collection

  
• Infection Control Programs


  • Employee Screening and Immunization
  • Evaluation and Treatment
  • Surveillance

  
• Infection Control


  The procedures that aim to control and monitor infections in health-care facilities

  
• Infection Control Methods


  • Hand hygiene
  • Personal Protective Equipment

  
• Hand hygiene


  • Use of Alcohol-Based Antiseptic Hand Cleaners
  • Hand Washing
  • Routine hand washing; Hand antisepsis; 2-minute surgical hand scrub
• Personal Protective Equipment


  Gloves, gowns, masks, face shields, goggles, respirators
• WHO 5 Moments for hand hygiene

  • Before touching a patient
  • Before clean/aseptic procedures
  • After body fluid exposure risk
  • After touching a patient
  • After touching patient surroundings
• Donning PPE


  • Gown
  • Mask or Respirator
  • Goggles or Face Shield
  • Gloves
• Doffing PPE


  • Gloves
  • Goggles or Face Shield
  • Gown
  • Mask or Respirator
• Types of Hazards in the Healthcare Setting

  • Biologic hazards
  • Sharp hazards
  • Chemical hazards
  • Radioactive hazards
  • Electrical hazards
  • Fire/Explosive hazards
• Biologic Hazards


  • All patients are considered to be possible carriers of blood-borne pathogens
  • Body Substance Isolation (BSI) guidelines are not limited to blood-borne pathogens; they consider all body fluids and moist body substances to be potentially infectious
• Standard Precautions


  • Hand hygiene
  • Gloves
  • Mask, eye protection, and face shield
  • Gown
  • Patient care equipment
  • Environmental control
  • Linen
  • Occupational health and blood-borne pathogens
  • Patient placement
• Biologic Waste Disposal


  • All biological waste, except urine, must be placed in appropriate containers labelled with the biohazard symbol
  • Urine may be discarded by pouring it into a laboratory sink
  • Disinfection of the sink using a 1:5 or 1:10 dilution of sodium hypochlorite should be performed daily
• Sharp Hazards


  • Sharp objects in the laboratory - needles, lancets, and broken glassware
  • Sharps must be disposed in puncture-resistant containers
• Chemical Hazards


  • Flush the area with large amounts of water for at least 15 minutes and then seek medical attention
  • Acid should always be added to water
  • Wear goggles and prepare reagents under a fume hood
• Chemical Hygiene Plan (CHP)


  • Appropriate work practices
  • Standard operating procedures
  • PPE
  • Engineering controls
  • Employee training requirements
  • Medical consultation guideline
• Chemical Labeling


  National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) symbol on doors, cabinets, containers
• Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)


  • Physical and chemical characteristics
  • Fire and explosion potential
  • Reactivity potential
  • Health hazards and emergency first aid procedures
  • Methods for safe handling and disposal
  • Primary routes of entry
  • Exposure limits and carcinogenic potential

  
• Radioactive Hazard


  • Procedures using radioisotopes
  • Persons working in a radioactive environment are required to wear measuring devices to determine the amount of radiation they are accumulating
• Electrical Hazards


  • Laboratory personnel should continually observe for any dangerous conditions such as frayed cords and overloaded circuits
  • All electrical equipment must be grounded with three-pronged plugs
• Classifications of Fire


  • Class A: ordinary combustible solid materials, such as paper, wood, plastic, and fabric
  • Class B: flammable liquids/gases
  • Class C: electrical equipment
  • Class D: combustible/reactive metals
  • Class K: high-temperature cooking oils, grease, or fats
• Types and Applications of Fire Extinguishers

  • Class A: water
  • Class B: foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide
  • Class C: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, or halon
  • Class ABC: dry chemical reagents
  • Class K: potassium-based alkaline liquid
• RACE when a fire is discovered

  • Rescue—rescue anyone in immediate danger
  • Alarm—activate the institutional fire alarm system
  • Contain—close all doors to potentially affected areas
  • Extinguish—extinguish the fire, if possible; evacuate
• PASS to operate a fire extinguisher

  • Pull pin
  • Aim at the base of the fire
  • Squeeze handles
  • Sweep nozzle side to side
• Physical Hazards


  • Avoid running in rooms and hallways, watch for wet floors, bend the knees when lifting heavy objects, keep long hair pulled back, avoid dangling jewelry, and maintain a clean, organized work area
  • Closed-toe shoes that provide maximum support are essential for safety and comfort