Lesson 3

• Major types of blood vessels

  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries

  
• Arteries


  • Carry blood away from the heart
  • Wall has 3 layers: tunica intima/interna, tunica media, tunica externa/adventitia
  • Arterial blood is bright-red, scarlet
  • Have thick walls
• Veins


  • Carry blood toward the heart
  • Wall has same 3 layers as arteries
  • Have thinner walls
  • Venous blood is dark bluish red, dark red, dull red or purple

  
• Capillaries


  • Smallest and most numerous of the blood vessels
  • Only one cell thick
• Types of circulation


  • Pulmonary circulation
  • Systemic circulation
• Chambers of the heart

  • Left atrium
  • Right atrium
  • Left ventricle
  • Right ventricle
• Pulmonary and systemic circulation

  1. Lungs

  2. Left atrium

  3. Bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

  4. Left ventricle

  5. Aorta

  6. Systemic circulation

  7. Superior and inferior vena cava

  8. Right atrium

  9. Tricuspid valve

  10. Right ventricle

  11. Pulmonary semilunar valve

  12. Pulmonary arteries

  13. Lungs

  14. Exchange of gases

  15. Exhale and inhale
• Low pressure


  Oxygenated blood, papunta sa heart
• High pressure


  Goes to systemic organs, paalis sa heart
• Arteries


  • Tunica intima/interna: lining (endothelial lining), composed of endothelial cells, smooth muscles
  • Tunica adventitia/media
  • Tunica media

  
• Veins


  • Thinner because it is low pressure
• Capillaries


  • Composed of endothelial cells, magkatabi ng cell lining
• Patterns of veins


  • H pattern
  • M pattern
• Tumor


  Toma, e.g. hematoma
• Branchial artery


  Arterial test, arterial puncture to determine if doctors and respiratory therapists can collect blood
• Blood is the only fluid tissue, a type of connective tissue, in the human body
• Function of blood


  Transports nutrients, wastes, hormones, and body heat
• Components of blood


  • Formed elements (45%): erythrocytes (RBCs), leukocytes (WBCs), thrombocytes (PLTs)
  • Plasma (55%)

  
• Physical characteristics of blood

  • Sticky, opaque fluid
  • Heavier and thicker than water
  • Color range
  • Metallic, salty taste
  • pH is 7.35 to 7.45
  • Temperature is slightly higher than body temperature (38°C or 100.4°F)
• Blood volume


  • About 5-6 liters, or about 6 quarts, in a healthy adult
  • Blood makes up 8% of body weight
• Hypothalamus


  For temperature regulation
• If cold


  • Blood vessels constrict, causing flush/blush
  • Blood vessels dilate, releasing heat by sweating
• Color of blood


  Due to deoxygenated blood
• Types of solutions


  • Hypotonic
  • Hypertonic
  • Isotonic
• Plasma diluted, normal, and concentrated

  • Diluted: enlarged, macrocyte
  • Normal: normocyte
  • Concentrated: small, microcyte

  
• Albumin


  • Protein that maintains osmolal balance by holding water within blood vessels
  • Decrease albumin causes water to enter RBC, therefore enlarging it
  • Increase sodium in cell causes water to go inside cell and enlarge it
• Indices


  • Mean Cell Volume (MCV)
  • Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH)
  • Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)
• Calcium


  Important in coagulation, stimulates coagulation
• Fibrinogen


  Factor 1, present in plasma but not in serum as it is already clotted
• Thrombin


  Factor 2, present in coagulation factor
• Kidney function tests for waste products include Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and Urea
• WBC types


  • Granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
  • Agranulocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes
• Neutrophils


  1. 3 segmentations, high levels indicate bacterial infection
• Basophils


  Bean shaped, has dark staining granules, high levels indicate allergic reaction, contains histamine
• Eosinophils


  Headphone appearance, has pinkish granules, present in parasite infection
• Monocytes


  Biggest, bean shaped, indicator for general infection, perform diapedesis (migration to muscles)
• Lymphocytes


  Eccentric nucleus, indicator of viral infections
• Types of lymphocytes


  • T-cytotoxic lymphocyte (CD8 marker, attacker)
  • T-helper lymphocyte (CD4 marker, presents virus-infected cells to T-cytotoxic)
• Reticulocytes


  Immature RBCs, has nucleus, indicator of hypoxia, illnesses, and anemia
• Erythrocytes/rubricytes


  Discoid shaped, anucleated cells, lifespan of 120 days, helps RBCs become flexible