Renaissance

• printing press invented in the 1440s
• Pares book was called 'Treaty on Gunshot Wounds'
• Versaillius

  First to produce accurate anatomy of the human body

  reduced Galens infulence

  found over 200 mistakes in Galens work

  published a book called 'the Reconstruction of the Human Body'
• Thomas Sydenham [M]


  the 'English Hippocrates'

  believed in little intervention and close observation
• The Plague, 1665


  killed 10,000 in London

  valid preventatives:

  • banned public entertainment
  • kept animals out the city
  • cleaned the streets
  • bodies were buried after dark

  they still prayed to prevent and cure it
• Foundling Hospital opened, 1741 [PH]


  opened by Thomas Coram

  arranged foster care for under 5's

  educated children in domestic or military skills until they were 15
• quackery

  selling things as medicines

  show the lack of public knowledge

  people took advantage of the ignorance and fear of the general public
• Edward Jenner [M]

  First successful small pox vaccine

  • overhead milkmaids who had previously had cow pox not get small pox
  • tested this on a little boy and it worked

  heavily rejected at the time:

  • it was seen as giving humans cow disease
  • inoculators felt their jobs threatened
  • illness is a godly punishment so we should not silence it

  the government funded his investigations
• by 1979 the world is small pox free
• William Harvey [M] 


  found that veins have valves and the heart pumps blood in a circulatory system

  disproved Galens theory that the liver made blood, challenging Galens ideas more than anyone

  he lost patients due to the rejection of new ideas
• John Hunter [S]

  the father of Scientific Surgery

  told people to leave wounds to nature when possible

  he dissected things to learn

  he taught great surgeons - like Jenner

  opened a museum to help educate the public and make them less

  afraid of experimentation
• Pare[S]

  A French barber surgeon then an army surgeon

  Ligatures to help wounds

  created a new oil when he ran out of hot oil for cauterisation, made of egg yolk, turpentine and rose oil

  he made surgery safer and less painful
• Hospitals - positive


  the Foundling hospital

  voluntary hospitals:

  • funded mostly by inheritances
  • to fill the gap left by the dissolution of monasteries
  • brought in ways to treat patients, not just to let them recover \
• hospitals - negatives


  nurses remained unskilled and untrained
• Burton


  blamed lack of exercise, idleness, excess pleasure and too much studying for melancholy (depression)

  recommended music, fresh air, laughter and exercise as a cure
• the renaissance 


  a rebellion against the Church

  art was focused on the human condition, not God

  this influenced surgeons and physicians to experiment

  artists were also used to draw accurate anatomical pictures to be printed and communicated
• the plague - good preventatives

  • stop public entertainment
  • keep animals out of the city
  • dogs and cats are caught and killed
  • rubbish cleared from the streets
  • houses with plague victims are sealed for 40 days
  • bodies buried after dark, not in churchyards
  • no strangers n the city without health certificate
• the plague - silly preventatives

  • prayers on wednesday and friday
  • weekly fasts
  • fires lit to drive away the bad air
• the plague shows us that knowledge is expanding and the Church's influence is being reduced, since more preventatives are logical and less religion based