Musculo-skeletal system

Created by

Okuhle Methula

Cards (73)

Main structures of the Nervous System
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nerves
Sensory organs
Main functions of the Nervous System
Principal regulatory system; monitors changes in internal and external environments and formulates compensatory responses; coordinates body activities
Main structures of the Endocrine System
Pituitary
Hypothalamus
Thyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Other hormone-secreting glands
Main functions of the Endocrine System
Regulates and coordinates body activities through secretion of hormones
Main structures of the Muscular System
Skeletal muscles
Cardiac muscles
Smooth muscles
Main functions of the Muscular System
Moves body parts; helps run bodily functions; generates heat; moves intestinal lumen contents
Main structures of the Skeletal System
Bones
Tendons
Ligaments
Cartilage
Main functions of the Skeletal System
Supports and protects body parts; provides leverage for body movements; stores minerals
Main structures of the Integumentary System
Skin
Sweat glands
Hair
Nails
Main functions of the Integumentary System
Covers external body surfaces and protects against injury and infection; helps regulate water content and body temperature
Main structures of the Circulatory System
Heart
Blood vessels
Blood
Main functions of the Circulatory System
Distributes water, nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and other substances throughout body and carries away carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes; helps stabilize internal temperature and pH
Main structures of the Immune System
Lymph nodes
Lymph ducts
Spleen
Thymus
Bone marrow
White blood cells
Main functions of the Immune System
Defends against disease-causing microorganisms and viruses (pathogens)
Muscles are part of animal tissues
Human muscles differ in size
Muscle tissue is responsible for nearly all types of body movement
Nervous tissue functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information
Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body
Connective tissue holds many tissues and organs together and in place
The respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity and conducting system
Insects secrete a cuticle, molluscs secrete a shell made of calcium carbonate, and vertebrates have skin made up of epithelial tissue
Tendons attach muscles to bones, ligaments connect bones at joints
Cartilage is a smooth elastic tissue that covers and protects bone ends at joints
Ligaments normally result in rugby and soccer players being out of the game for months
The skeletal system forms the framework of the body and functions in locomotion
Mechanical forces generated by muscle contraction are typically transmitted to skeletal structures of chitin or bone to produce motion
In flatworms, roundworms, and annelids, striated muscles in the body wall act on the hydrostatic skeleton to produce creeping, burrowing, or swimming movements
Many molluscs have an exoskeleton consisting of a hard calcium carbonate shell, and insects, spiders, and crustaceans have a chitinous cuticle exoskeleton
Echinoderms and chordates have an internal endoskeleton consisting of cartilage and/or bone
A mammalian skeleton has more than 200 bones, some fused together, others connected at joints by ligaments
The vertebrate skeletal system consists of the axial and appendicular divisions
The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles
Each human limb consists of 30 bones and terminates in 5 digits
Skeletal systems play a significant role in the muscular, endocrine and nervous systems
Calcium and phosphate ions are constantly deposited and withdrawn from bones, and hormonal controls maintain the concentration of calcium ions at optimal levels
Bones are composed of several types of bone cells, blood vessels, and nerves, and some have stores of adipose tissue
The interior of some flat bones is filled with red marrow, and the shaft of long bones is filled with yellow marrow
Osteoblasts are bone-building cells that secrete collagen, osteocytes are mature bone cells, and osteoclasts are cells that break down bone