Musculo-skeletal system

• Main structures of the Nervous System

  • Brain
  • Spinal cord
  • Peripheral nerves
  • Sensory organs
• Main functions of the Nervous System

  Principal regulatory system; monitors changes in internal and external environments and formulates compensatory responses; coordinates body activities
• Main structures of the Endocrine System

  • Pituitary
  • Hypothalamus
  • Thyroid
  • Adrenal
  • Pancreas
  • Other hormone-secreting glands
• Main functions of the Endocrine System

  Regulates and coordinates body activities through secretion of hormones
• Main structures of the Muscular System

  • Skeletal muscles
  • Cardiac muscles
  • Smooth muscles
• Main functions of the Muscular System

  Moves body parts; helps run bodily functions; generates heat; moves intestinal lumen contents
• Main structures of the Skeletal System

  • Bones
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
  • Cartilage
• Main functions of the Skeletal System

  Supports and protects body parts; provides leverage for body movements; stores minerals
• Main structures of the Integumentary System

  • Skin
  • Sweat glands
  • Hair
  • Nails
• Main functions of the Integumentary System

  Covers external body surfaces and protects against injury and infection; helps regulate water content and body temperature
• Main structures of the Circulatory System

  • Heart
  • Blood vessels
  • Blood
• Main functions of the Circulatory System

  Distributes water, nutrients, oxygen, hormones, and other substances throughout body and carries away carbon dioxide and other metabolic wastes; helps stabilize internal temperature and pH
• Main structures of the Immune System

  • Lymph nodes
  • Lymph ducts
  • Spleen
  • Thymus
  • Bone marrow
  • White blood cells
• Main functions of the Immune System

  Defends against disease-causing microorganisms and viruses (pathogens)
• Muscles are part of animal tissues
• Human muscles differ in size
• Muscle tissue is responsible for nearly all types of body movement
• Nervous tissue functions in the receipt, processing, and transmission of information
• Epithelial tissue covers the outside of the body and lines the organs and cavities within the body
• Connective tissue holds many tissues and organs together and in place
• The respiratory epithelium of the nasal cavity and conducting system
• Insects secrete a cuticle, molluscs secrete a shell made of calcium carbonate, and vertebrates have skin made up of epithelial tissue
• Tendons attach muscles to bones, ligaments connect bones at joints
• Cartilage is a smooth elastic tissue that covers and protects bone ends at joints
• Ligaments normally result in rugby and soccer players being out of the game for months
• The skeletal system forms the framework of the body and functions in locomotion
• Mechanical forces generated by muscle contraction are typically transmitted to skeletal structures of chitin or bone to produce motion
• In flatworms, roundworms, and annelids, striated muscles in the body wall act on the hydrostatic skeleton to produce creeping, burrowing, or swimming movements
• Many molluscs have an exoskeleton consisting of a hard calcium carbonate shell, and insects, spiders, and crustaceans have a chitinous cuticle exoskeleton
• Echinoderms and chordates have an internal endoskeleton consisting of cartilage and/or bone
• A mammalian skeleton has more than 200 bones, some fused together, others connected at joints by ligaments
• The vertebrate skeletal system consists of the axial and appendicular divisions
• The axial skeleton consists of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum
• The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles
• Each human limb consists of 30 bones and terminates in 5 digits
• Skeletal systems play a significant role in the muscular, endocrine and nervous systems
• Calcium and phosphate ions are constantly deposited and withdrawn from bones, and hormonal controls maintain the concentration of calcium ions at optimal levels
• Bones are composed of several types of bone cells, blood vessels, and nerves, and some have stores of adipose tissue
• The interior of some flat bones is filled with red marrow, and the shaft of long bones is filled with yellow marrow
• Osteoblasts are bone-building cells that secrete collagen, osteocytes are mature bone cells, and osteoclasts are cells that break down bone