Ireland and Scotland

• SCOTLAND

  • Even though they rebelled against Charles I, the Scots were monarchists
  • The Scots were shocked with NMA’s execution of Charles and disliked their radical religion
  • After the defeat of the Engagers, a rigidly presbyterian group seized power in Scotland


  They realised the only way to secure Presbyterianism was to defeat Cromwell’s independent regime in England
• CHARLES II

  • -After Cromwell had victory in Ireland, Charles abandoned his plans to use Ireland to win the throne
  • On 23 JUNE 1650 Charles landed in Scotland and signed the National Covenant and Solemn League and Covenant
  • This angered the English council state


  Charles was crowned King of Scotland on 1 JAN 1651 by Argyll, leader of the Scots covenanters
• BATTLE OF DUNBAR

  3 SEPT 1650
• Cromwell

  Commander-in-chief because Fairfax refused, he was concerned the army was becoming to radicalised
• By Sept 1650 Cromwell's invasion forced when from 16,300 to 11,000
• Cromwell's weakened forced was against Scotland whose army was twice the size of his
• In London, Harrison led the London radicals to pray for Cromwell
• Cromwell's surprise attack at night

  1. Managed to kill 3,000 Scots

  2. Kidnap 10,000
• In contrast only 30 from NMA died
• Factors that favoured Cromwell

  • Religious motivations the NMA had
  • English sea ensured Cromwell could supply his forces
  • England's strong economy meant their army was better funded
• Lambert attacked the main Scottish army, killing 2000 and taking 1400 prisoners


  1651
• This allowed English control to be established in Perth
• BATTLE OF WORCESTER

  3 SEPT 1651
• Charles

  • Keen to invade England with the help of the Scottish Royalist Forces of 20,000
  • Wanted to secure the crown and London
• Desertion meant that only 13,000 troops crossed the border
• The army had little support from England
• Leslie (Scottish general) appeared uncommitted to the invasion
• Rising in Norfolk in December 1650 was oppressed
• SEPT 1651: THE ROYAL OAK

  -Charles escaped by hiding in an oak tree. He spent nine years in France and then the Netherlands
• Charles had no foreign aid
• When he crossed the border 4000 troops were ready for battle, led by Lambert and Harrison
• Eventually Charles fled from the battle
• 3000 royalists were killed and 200 NMA
• CROMWELL SAW THIS AS GOD’S WORK

  • For Cromwell, his victories confirmed that God was on their side, and they were doing God’s will. The main military threats had been pacified and Cromwell’s radical character could no emerge
• The rump

  Declared Scotland was completely under their control
• Actions taken by the rump in Scotland

  1. Scottish parliament was dissolved

  2. The power of the presbyterian church was reduced

  3. Scots had to tolerate the existence of individual protestant sects

  4. Scots had to pay for the upkeep of English army occupation
• The rump took these actions


  In hopes to get rid of royalism in Scotland
• Campaigns in Ireland

  After the regicide, some Irish supported Charles II. Cromwell landed with 10,000 troops in Ireland in August 1649 to impose protestant control. Most thought he was attempted to punish Catholic for their 1641 rebellion.
• Cromwell's actions in Ireland

  1. Landed with 10,000 troops in August 1649

  2. Imposed protestant control

  3. Attempted to punish Catholics for 1641 rebellion
• Cromwell left for England to organise an invasion of Scotland, he left his son-in-law Ireton in charge.


  May 1650