Common Cardiovascular conditions

• Congenital Heart Disease


  A group of heart abnormalities present from birth
• Congenital Heart Disease


  • Can affect the heart walls, valves, and blood vessels near the heart
  • Examples: Septal defects, cyanotic defects
• Acquired Heart Disease


  Conditions developing after birth due to various factors
• Acquired Heart Disease


  • Causes: Lifestyle, infections, or other medical conditions
  • Examples: Coronary artery disease, heart failure, rheumatic heart disease
• Four Major Types of Congenital Heart Disease

  • Septal Defects
  • Obstructive Defects
  • Cyanotic Defects
  • Complex Congenital Heart Disease
• Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)


  Hole in the wall between the heart's upper chambers
• Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)


  Hole in the wall between the heart's lower chambers
• Coarctation of the Aorta

  Narrowing of the aorta
• Pulmonary Stenosis


  Narrowing of the pulmonary valve
• Tetralogy of Fallot


  Combination of four heart defects (VSD, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta)
• Transposition of the Great Arteries

  Switched positions of the pulmonary artery and aorta
• Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome


  Underdevelopment of the left side of the heart
• Single Ventricle Defects


  Only one functional ventricle
• Types of Acquired Heart and Vascular Disease

  • Dilated Cardiomyopathy
  • Myocarditis
  • Pericarditis
  • Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
  • Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
  • Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)
  • Cerebrovascular Disease
• Dilated Cardiomyopathy


  Enlarged heart that cannot pump blood effectively
• Myocarditis


  Inflammation of the heart muscle
• Pericarditis


  Inflammation of the pericardium
• Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)


  Various heart and blood vessel conditions
• Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

  Blockage of coronary arteries
• Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)


  Narrowing of arteries in the limbs
• Cerebrovascular Disease


  Conditions affecting blood flow to the brain, leading to strokes or TIAs
• Epidemiology, Aetiology, Risk Factors, and Pathophysiology of Atherosclerosis

  • Epidemiology: Leading cause of cardiovascular diseases worldwide, affects millions of people
  • Aetiology: Caused by accumulation of fatty deposits (plaques) on inner walls of arteries
  • Risk Factors: High cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, diet high in saturated fats
  • Pathophysiology: Initiation - Damage to endothelial lining of arteries, Progression - Lipid accumulation, inflammation, and plaque formation, Complications - Plaque rupture leading to blood clots, causing heart attacks or strokes
• Neural Control of Circulatory Function

  • Sympathetic Nervous System: Increases heart rate and blood pressure during stress or physical activity
  • Parasympathetic Nervous System: Decreases heart rate and promotes rest and digestion
  • Baroreceptors: Located in the aorta and carotid arteries, detect changes in blood pressure and help regulate it by adjusting heart rate and vessel dilation
• Recognising Autonomic Nervous System Dysfunction and Detecting Atherosclerotic Changes

  • ANS Dysfunction: Manifestations - Abnormal heart rate, blood pressure fluctuations, poor blood flow regulation, Detection - Heart rate variability (HRV) testing, tilt table tests, blood pressure monitoring
  • Atherosclerotic Changes: Detection Methods - Angiography, Ultrasound, CT and MRI Scans
• Exercise and Lifestyle Modification in Preventing, Treating, and Managing Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases

  • Exercise: Strengthens the heart, improves blood circulation, lowers blood pressure, reduces cholesterol levels
  • Lifestyle Modification: Diet - Balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, Smoking Cessation - Reduces risk of atherosclerosis and heart disease, Weight Management - Maintaining healthy weight reduces heart burden, Stress Management - Reducing stress through relaxation techniques improves cardiovascular health