The human organism

• Anatomy


  The scientific discipline that investigates the STRUCTURE of the body
• Physiology


  The scientific discipline that deals with the processes or FUNCTIONS of living things
• Major Goals of Physiology

  • To understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli
  • To understand how the body part works
• Levels of Structural and Functional Organization of the Body

  • Chemical Level
  • Cellular Level
  • Tissue Level
  • Organ Level
  • System Level
  • Organism Level
• Chemical Level


  Simplest level of the structural ladder, includes atoms and molecules
• Cellular Level


  Basic structural and functional units of an organism that are composed of chemicals
• Tissue Level


  Group of cells that perform the same function
• 4 Types of Tissue

  • Epithelial Tissue
  • Connective Tissue
  • Muscle Tissue
  • Nervous Tissue
• Organ Level


  Composed of two or more tissues that perform the same function
• System Level


  Consists of related organs with a common function
• Organism Level


  Any living thing considered as a whole
• Body Systems


  • Nervous System
  • Digestive System
  • Cardiovascular System
  • Respiratory System
  • Reproductive System
  • Urinary System
  • Lymphatic System
  • Skeletal System
  • Muscular System
  • Integumentary System
  • Endocrine System
• Metabolism


  The ability to use energy
• Two Phases of Metabolism

  • Catabolism (breakdown of complex, produce energy)
  • Anabolism (building up smaller to complex, uses energy)
• Movement/Organization


  Refers to the specific interrelationships among the parts of an organism and how those parts interact to perform
• Reproduction


  Formation of new cell for tissue growth, repair or requirement, production of new individual
• Responsiveness


  Ability of an organism to sense changes in the environment
• Growth


  Increase in body size, increase in the number of cells
• Development/Differentiation


  Changes of an organism through time, changes in cell structure and function from generalized
• Homeostasis


  The existence and maintenance of the balance
• Components of Homeostatic Control System

  • Receptor (detects changes and signals the control center)
  • Control Center (analyzes the information and determines the appropriate response)
  • Effector (receives output and produces the response)
• Negative Feedback


  Reverse a change in variable, strengthen or reinforce a change
• Positive Feedback


  Reinforce a change in the same direction
• Body Positions


  • Prone (face down)
  • Supine (face up)
  • Reclining Position
• Anatomical Position


  Standard position, facing the observer, lower limbs parallel and feet flat
• Directional Terms


  • Superior/Cranial (upper part)
• Body Planes

  • Sagittal Plane (separates right and left side)
  • Frontal/Coronal Plane (separates anterior and posterior portions)
  • Transverse Plane (separates superior and inferior portions)
  • Oblique Plane (diagonal cut)
• Body Cavities

  Trunk contains three large cavities that do not open to the outside: thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic
• Serous Membranes


  Line the trunk cavities and cover the organs, produce a lubricating serous fluid
• Pelvic cavity


  Bounded by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of the large intestine, and the internal reproductive organs
• Abdominal and pelvic cavities


  Not physically separated, sometimes called the abdominopelvic cavity
• Serous membranes line the trunk cavities and cover the organs of these cavities
• Visceral serous membrane


  The inner balloon wall in contact with your fist
• Parietal serous membrane


  The outer part of the balloon wall
• Serous fluid


  Thin, lubricating film produced by the serous membranes to reduce friction
• Pericardial cavity


  • Surrounds the heart
  • Visceral pericardium covers the heart
  • Parietal pericardium lines the connective tissue sac
  • Pericardial fluid in the cavity
• Pleural cavity


  • Surrounds each lung
  • Visceral pleura covers the lung
  • Parietal pleura lines the thoracic wall, mediastinum, and diaphragm
  • Pleural fluid in the cavity
• Peritoneal cavity


  • Visceral peritoneum covers many abdominopelvic organs
  • Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominopelvic wall and diaphragm
  • Peritoneal fluid in the cavity
• Pericarditis


  Inflammation of the pericardium
• Pleurisy


  Inflammation of the pleura