Chemistry

• Periodic table


  An arrangement of all known chemical elements organized by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties
• How elements are arranged in the periodic table

  Arranged in order of increasing atomic number, in rows called periods and columns called groups
• Period


  A horizontal row in the periodic table, which signifies the number of electron shells in the atoms of the elements in that row
• Group


  A vertical column in the periodic table, and elements in the same group have similar chemical properties and the same number of electrons in their outer shell
• Ions


  Atoms or molecules that have gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net electrical charge
• Writing chemical formulas for compounds

  Using the symbols of the elements involved, with subscripts indicating the number of atoms of each element in the compound
• Compound ion


  A charged particle made up of two or more atoms bonded together
• Chemical reaction


  A process that involves the rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance
• Properties of metals


  • Typically malleable, ductile, conductive, and have a shiny appearance
• What happens when metals react with oxygen

  They form metal oxides, which are typically basic
• Displacement reaction


  A type of chemical reaction where an element reacts with a compound and takes the place of another element in that compound
• Reactivity series


  A list of elements ordered by their reactivity from highest to lowest
• How acids react with metals

  Acids react with metals to produce a salt and hydrogen gas
• Neutralization


  A chemical reaction in which an acid and a base react to form a salt and water
• pH scale


  Measures how acidic or basic a substance is, ranging from 0 (most acidic) to 14 (most basic)
• Indicators


  Substances that change color when added to acidic or basic solutions to indicate the pH level
• Hydrogen ions and acidity


  The concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution determines its acidity; the more hydrogen ions, the more acidic the solution
• Making a red cabbage indicator

  By boiling red cabbage leaves in water, which releases a natural pH indicator that changes color in the presence of acids or bases
• What happens when acids react with carbonates

  They produce carbon dioxide gas, water, and a salt
• Balanced chemical equation


  Has the same number of each type of atom on both sides of the reaction, showing the conservation of mass
• Chemical symbol


  A one- or two-letter abbreviation that represents an element
• Chemical formula


  Shows the elements in a compound and the ratio of atoms
• Exothermic reaction


  A chemical reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of heat
• Endothermic reaction


  A chemical reaction that absorbs energy from its surroundings
• Sedimentary rocks


  Formed by the deposition and cementation of material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water
• Igneous rocks


  Formed from the solidification of molten rock material
• Metamorphic rocks


  Rocks that have been changed by heat, pressure, or chemical processes
• Weathering


  The breaking down of rocks, soil, and minerals through contact with the Earth's atmosphere, water, and biological organisms
• Rock cycle


  A model that describes the formation, breakdown, and reformation of a rock as a result of sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic processes
• Composition of the air

  About 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% other gases including argon, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases
• Human activities


  Contribute to air pollution and climate change
• Carbon cycle


  The process by which carbon is exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth
• Using Earth's resources


  For energy, building materials, and as raw materials for products
• Importance of using resources efficiently

  Helps to conserve resources, reduce waste, and minimize environmental impact
• Rate of reaction


  The speed at which a chemical reaction occurs
• Factors affecting rate of reaction

  • Temperature
  • Concentration of reactants
  • Surface area
  • Presence of catalysts
• Catalyst


  A substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process
• Thermal decomposition


  The breaking down of a chemical compound by heat
• Types of rocks


  • Igneous
  • Sedimentary
  • Metamorphic
• Transportation


  Moves rocks and minerals from one place to another, often by water, wind, or ice, leading to physical and chemical changes