Cardiovascular

• Total blood volume


  Men: 75.5 mL/kg, Women: 66.5 mL/kg, 5 to 6 L or 7% to 8% of body weight
• Composition of blood


  • Blood cells: Approximately 45%
  • Blood plasma: Approximately 92% water and 7% plasma proteins
• Normal arterial pH


  7.35 to 7.45
• Organic and inorganic components of blood

  • Cellular components: Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets
• Anemia


  A condition in which the body does not have enough healthy red blood cells
• Polycythemia


  An increase in the absolute red blood cell (RBC) mass in the body
• General effects of anemia

  • Reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity, Tissue hypoxia, Compensatory mechanisms to restore tissue oxygenation
• Aplastic anemia


  A rare but serious blood condition that occurs when your bone marrow cannot make enough new blood cells for your body to work normally
• Etiology and pathogenesis of aplastic anemia

  Stem cell disorder, Caused by injury to bone marrow stem cells
• Anemia of chronic renal failure


  Anemia is a common complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD means your kidneys are damaged and can't filter blood the way they should. This damage can cause wastes and fluid to build up in your body.
• Etiology and pathogenesis of anemia of chronic renal failure

  Failure of the renal endocrine function, Failure of the renal excretory function, Leads to hemolysis, bone marrow cell depression, and blood loss
• Hemolysis


  The medical term used to describe the destruction of red blood cells
• Vitamin B12–deficiency anemia


  Also known as cobalamin deficiency, is a condition that develops when your body can't make enough healthy red blood cells because it doesn't have enough vitamin B12
• Etiology and pathogenesis of vitamin B12 or folate deficiency anemia


  Caused by a disruption in DNA synthesis of the blast cells in the bone marrow
• Pernicious anemia


  A decrease in red blood cells that occurs when the intestines cannot properly absorb vitamin B12
• Leukemia


  Abnormal immature white blood cells (called blasts) multiply uncontrollably, filling up the bone marrow, and preventing production of other cells important for survival, namely red blood cells and platelets. This leads to infections, anemia and abnormal bleeding.
• Iron deficiency anemia


  Etiology and pathogenesis: Nutritional deficiency
• Thalassemia


  An inherited (i.e., passed from parents to children through genes) blood disorder caused when the body doesn't make enough of a protein called hemoglobin
• Etiology and pathogenesis of thalassemia


  Associated with mutant genes that suppress the rate of synthesis of globin chains. α-thalassemia, β-thalassemia
• Sickle cell anemia (SCD)

  Hemoglobin S is an abnormal form of hemoglobin that causes the red cells to become rigid, and sickle shaped.
• Etiology and pathogenesis of sickle cell anemia

  Defect of hemoglobin synthesis, Sickle hemoglobin S
• Hemolytic disease of the newborn

  Etiology and pathogenesis: Fetal red cells cross the placenta, stimulate maternal antibodies, Fetal-maternal ABO incompatibility, Fetal-maternal Rh incompatibility
• Acute blood loss


  Etiology and pathogenesis: Due to trauma or secondary to a disease process, Rapidly decreases overall blood volume and impairs oxygen delivery
• Other extrinsic abnormalities causing anemia

  • Mechanical heart valves or cardiopulmonary bypass machines, may cause hemolysis
  • Drugs and chemicals, physical agents or infectious diseases may result in anemia
  • Venom has been associated with hemolytic anemia
  • Hypersplenism (an overactive spleen) can cause anemia, leukopenia....severe enough to require splenectomy
• Leukopenia


  Low white blood cell count
• Platelets/thrombocytes


  A component of blood whose function (along with the coagulation factors) is to react to bleeding from blood vessel injury by clumping, thereby initiating a blood clot
• Blood clotting/coagulation


  An important process that prevents excessive bleeding when a blood vessel is injured
• Vascular purpura


  Purpura—patches of petechiae, or pinpoint hemorrhages, on the skin—are present. Primary cause: abnormality of the vessels or the tissues that support them
• Thrombocytopenia


  Common cause of generalized bleeding, Caused by decreased platelet production, decreased platelet survival, splenic sequestration, or platelet dilution
• Thrombocytosis


  Platelet count greater than 400,000/mm3, Transitory: after stress or physical exercise, Secondary or reactive: response to hemorrhage, inflammatory diseases, malignancy infection, hemolysis, or splenectomy
• Qualitative platelet disorders


  Defect in platelet function, Normal number of platelets, Rarely inherited, commonly acquired, Associated with drugs, especially aspirin; with renal failure; or with a coexisting hematologic disease, such as leukemia
• Hemophilia


  Common severe inherited coagulation disorder, X-linked recessive disorder, Transmitted by an asymptomatic carrier female to an affected son, Hemophilia A, Hemophilia B
• Vitamin K deficiency bleeding in infancy

  Seen in the newborn, typically 48 to 72 hours after birth, through 6 months of age, More common in breast-fed babies (who do not receive vitamin K supplement) than in formula-fed babies, Rare in Western countries because of routine administration of vitamin K to newborns
• Acquired vitamin K deficiency


  May result in bleeding as a result of a coagulation defect, May occur with malnutrition, malabsorption (including biliary disease), chronic hepatic disease, antibiotic therapy, and oral anticoagulation therapy with warfarin
• Blood pressure


  The pressure exerted by the blood on the vessel wall, Blood pressure is the product of cardiac output and peripheral resistance
• Peripheral resistance


  The resistance to the flow of blood caused by the friction between the blood and the lumen of the vessel, The viscosity of the blood also contributes to the peripheral resistance, Constriction of blood vessels and arterial stiffness increase peripheral resistance
• Cardiac output


  Depends on venous return and force of contraction of the left ventricle
• Systolic pressure


  The maximum pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricle
• Diastolic pressure


  The minimum pressure in the arteries during the end of ventricular relaxation
• During each cardiac cycle the blood pressure varies from a maximum to a minimum