CSMP

• Place


  A meaningful segment of geographical space - with meaning and location (at an individual level)
• Space


  Spaces exist between places and don't have the meanings places do
• Characteristics forming the identity of a place

  • Socio-economic: employment, income, education, family status
  • Physical geography: altitude, river/inland drainage, geology
  • Built environment: Age and style of buildings, building materials, density of housing, road pattern/layout
  • Demography: Number inhabitants, age of inhabitants, gender, ethnicity
  • Cultural: Local clubs, societies, local traditions, religion
  • Political: National/regional/local government, housing/residents associations
• Places are multi-faceted and shaped by shifting flows and connections which change over time
• History (past connections) of Buntingford

  1. First mentioned 1185 – local Saxon tribe – Bunta's Ford

  2. 1253 – Henry III granted charter – weekly market

  3. 1360 – Relocation of Chipping market = more significant, and later given to residents = one of the first community owned markets

  4. Ermine Street – London – York = staging posts/stagecoach stops. Inns developed for horse replacements and rest. (Early 1700's – Heyday)

  5. 1800's – served civic function – The cage lock up and Buntingford Union Workhouse (1836-37) – 16 parishes and 160 inmates – work for food/lodging

  6. 1960's – Expansion – Sainsburys Distribution Centre and new houses built (influx workers from London)

  7. 1963 – Station Closed

  8. 1970 – Freman College

  9. 1980s – Bovis Estate between town and Aspenden

  10. 2010s – 2nd wave development in edges. 4,500 – 7,500 ppl 2011-2021
• Physical Geography of Buntingford


  • Gently undulating arable land. River Rib N-S. Chalk bedrock
• Demographics of Buntingford
• Socio-Economic characteristics of Buntingford
• Cultural characteristics of Buntingford
• Built Environment of Buntingford
• Recent History of Buntingford
• History (past connections) of Toxteth

  1. First mentioned Domesday Survey 1066 – Saxons

  2. 13th Century – King John took the area as large royal fenced off hunting forest for 300 years (not all forest)

  3. 16th Century – status changed and opened for farming

  4. Small – scale industry = growing characteristic during 17th Century – making use of dammed stream (PHYSICAL)

  5. Industrial revolution – 17/1800's – Liverpool major port and associated industries. Toxteth – urban and industrial valve. Copperworks, ceramics, forges – iron. Riverbank = dock and associated industries eg rope walks. Lots of timber from Scandinavia

  6. As industry increased, housing did too. Ambitious housing scheme with wide roads – attractive for growing middle class. (Managerial jobs and services)

  7. 19th Century - demand of space and industry increased so cheap back-ack terraces behind the large villas – The terraces and epidemics – exodus middle class as disposable income increased as well as travel so they moved further away. Lot of houses went into disrepair as poorer owners could afford the maintenance
• Physical Geography of Toxteth

  • Undulating land rising from banks River Mersey. Fast flowing past Toxteth
• Shift National economy towards services and growing significance of knowledge economy

  Less positive impact on Toxteth as less qualified
• Containerisation and global shift

  Negative impact on Toxteth - Loss employment in docks and manufacturing jobs (whole Merseyside affected)
• Offshore wind power


  Positive impact on Toxteth - More employment
• Globalisation (migration?)


  Impacting other characteristics of Toxteth? and EU funding?
• Mechanisation


  Negative impact on Toxteth - Low pay jobs not needed and poorer became poorer – Led Toxteth Riots 1981
• Successive initiatives to remake Toxteth thriving
• Lots of EU funding in Toxteth
• Lots applicants/residents lack technical/job-specific skills – not qualified to reach service and knowledge economy of Liverpool
• Limited sustained socio-economic change in Toxteth
• Social Inequality


  The unequal distribution of factors such as income, education or health across a population
• Factors influencing perception of place

  • Gender
  • Religion
  • Age
  • Sexuality
  • Role Performed
• Safety and fear can influence perception of place
• Culture, personal background, socio-economical level influence perception of local areas
• Globalisation


  The world becoming increasingly interconnected and interdependent because of increased trade and cultural links. The growing integration and interdependence of people's lives in a complex process with economic, social, cultural, political, and environmental components
• Time-space compression


  Referring to how space is no longer the barrier it once was to communication and movements of people
• Positives of globalisation


  • Low-cost improved technology in telecommunications and transport
  • Movement of people and capital easier (jobs/homes/escaped war) – lower trade barriers since WW2
  • Rise in NGOs increasing awareness of global issues
  • Developing countries - more international investment leading to more growth
  • Catalyst for human progress (together)
  • Production process is more efficient because the world's products can be made in different locations eg batteries in one place, phones in one place
  • Increase local productivity promoting prosperity
  • Increased sharing information around the world and knowledge and expertise
  • Increased international standards for education and health
  • Increased variety available goods to world market and an increase range of markets for internationally sourced products
  • Costs for transporting people and products down 65% since 1930 by sea and 88% by plane
  • Information can be distributed at real time and affordable prices. Phone call from New York to London has seen a 99% reduction in cost since the 30s
• Negatives of globalisation


  • Loss of jobs in manufacturing in developed countries
  • Shift to a more homogenised culture and society globally
  • Increase vulnerability to fast change for local economies (eg global shift??)
  • Increased centralization of power in large TNC's hands
  • Location of industry in LIDCs/EDCs leads to environmental degradation
  • Exploitation of workers and land
  • Poor health and safety laws in developing countries
  • Cultural diversity has been reduced due to fast food, English language and music
• Globalisation


  Impacts migration, culture, politics, finance
• Competition in industrialised country due to low labour costs in industrialising countries

  Leads to deindustrialization which can cause job loss
• Globalisation has led to one more homogenised (eg Africans wearing Nike.) Reduction in cultural diversity due to western influences.
• NGOs


  • Influence on politics around the world
• UN


  • IGO inter-governmental organisation
• NGOs decrease power of small countries
• FDI


  Add companies to other countries – eg Nike factories in Lagos due cheaper labour and legislation
• INTERNATIONAL EXPORTS INCREASED 30X IN 60 YEARS!
• Winners of globalisation


  • NICs like Taiwan
  • Rapidly developing countries like China
• Winners of globalisation


  • Can build factories with foreign direct investment and infrastructure and sell goods internationally