factors decreasing birth rate

Created by

jasmine

Cards (13)

factors decreasing birth rates
-change in women's position
-decline in infant mortality rate
-economic liability
-child centredness
changes in women's position - decreasing birth
-increased involvement in education
-more likely to work full time
-changing attitudes in family roles
-easier & cheaper to divorce & live independently
-abortion & contraception less stigmatised & more accessible
economic liability - birth decline
-now cost money
-burden
child centredness - birth decline
-basing children in centre of decision making
-parents spending more time with individual children
total fertility rate 
average number of children women have during fertile years
factors
-proportion of women who're of childbearing age
-how fertile they are > how many children they have
what do the changes in fertility & birth rates reflect?
-more women remaining childless
-women are postponing having children > older women less fertile with fewer fertile years so produce less children
HARPER - change's in women's position 
-women's education most important reason for long-term fall in birth & fertility rates
-change in mind set
-other possibilities in life apart from traditional housewife role
-delaying childbearing or not having children to focus on career
infant mortality rate 
measures number of infants who die before their first birthday
-per thousand babies born alive
-per year
decline in infant mortality rate
-Harper argues fall in IMR leads to fall in birth rate
-if many infants die, parents have more children to replace lost ones
-if infant survives, there's no replacement necessary
-1900 > 154
-2014 > 117
why did infant mortality rate start to fall in 20th century?
-improved housing & better sanitation > reducing disease
-better nutrition
-better knowledge of hygiene, child's health & welfare
-fall in number of married women working > improved their health
-improved services for mothers & children
children are now an economic liability
-until late 19th century children were economic assets to parents > sent out to work
-parents now feel less able/willing to have large family
how are laws making children an economic liability?
laws > banning child labour
> introducing compulsory schooling
> raising school leaving age
so children remain economically dependent
how are changing norms making children an economic liability?
> what children have a right to expect from their parents in material terms
-means the cost of bringing up children has risen