they see stressor as a learning experience and problems to overcome rather than threats
In control?
they believe they have the power to influence their environment.
Kobasa (1979)?
studied middle and upper level executives, given a schedule of recent of events (like SSRIS).
Kobasa (1979) Findings?
found that those who were hardy had lower levels of physical symptoms compared to non-hardy people. 86 had experienced high stress but not ill. 75 reported becoming sick after stressful event
Maddi (1999)?
hardy individuals had lower blood pressure.
measuring hardiness?
issues associated with questionnaires (social desirability, retrospective completion)
