Wales

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Christina

Cards (49)

How far does a study of Wales and the Norman Conquest support this statement?

Building castles was the main method of control after the Norman conquest
(defense).
Castles were the main method of control because they helped establish Norman authority both symbolically and strategically
DEFENSE - Normans had to protect themselves against the native population such as welsh princes
* Protected against bandits who raided the Anglo-Welsh border and use guerilla tactics against the Normans
- This is why he appointed the trusted Marcher Earls to have special rights to built castles without royal permission
- In 1060s they had united under such as gruffydd ap llywelyn who was the last king of wales
- Castles made it difficult for them to gain teritories on the ENglish border
- In the rest on England, castles were used to defend against saxon rebellions eg. the 'troublesome' region of Yorkshire
- They were springboards for further attack, a strong example of this is in North Wales, Chester castle led to Rhuddlan and Bangor. This was a very strategic method of control
How far does a study of Wales and the Norman Conquest support this statement?

Building castles was the main method of control after the Norman conquest
(display power) 
DISPLAY POWER & WEALTH
- The only time William came to wales in 1081 he built a castle at Cardiff (roman fort) and Chepstow hall (intimidates locals & sense of wonder for Welsh aristocracy)
- 300 castles were built in Wales and 100 on the border, this was useful for controlling Wales as castles were points from which colonisation grew.
- Hugh d'Avranches (earl of chester) used displayed his insignia on banners and castle walls to intimidate
How far does a study of Wales and the Norman Conquest support this statement?

Building castles was the main method of control after the Norman conquest
(trade).
TRADE
- Norman towns and markets grew around the castles as they could protect Norman settlements from Welsh attack
- Towns grew around castles such as Rhuddlan and Cardiff
- Built at strategic points on rivers or coastline - Pembroke castle built on river to ensure supplies into wales
- This turned castles into trading hubs, some castles such as Cardiff had their own mint to create money (making the population depend on Norman castles for trade)
- However, trade would cese if there were open rebellions
- Elsewhere in England, castles were used to protect market towns
How many castles were built in Wales? On the border?
more than 600 in wales and 250 on the border
How far does a study of Wales and the Norman Conquest support this statement?

Giving power to Norman Lords was the main way William consolidated his power. 
- William appointed the Marcher Earls - Earl of Chester (North Wales), Earl of Shrewsbury (Mid) , Earl of Hereford (South)
- They were given this position because they were very trusted and good warriors. They were also very powerful - dealing with Wales was a way to keep them busy and ensure William was safe on the throne
- The Marcher Earls helped control the border with Wales
- They were given extensive rights - they could build castles (100 built on border 300 in wales) built towns and markets (colonisation) control over the legal system (allowing them to respond quickly to unrest) were exempt from tax (encouraged to spend on settlements and defences)
- Their follower's families helped colonise and expand into Wales such as Gilbert FitzRichard who went to Credigion and led private raids
- Harold Godwinson wasn't a Marcher Earl and wasn't a norman but in 1063 he broke up unified Wales by defeating Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, making Wales easier for William to control
How far does a study of Wales and the Norman Conquest support this statement?

Normans strengthened their control by developing towns and markets
- One of the extensive rights given to the Marcher Earls, was that they could build towns and markets, this was important in establishing control as it helped Normans colonise wales
- Towns and Markets grew around castles as they were protected
*Churches were built to show they were supported by god
* Settlers went further into Wales eg. Gilbert Fizrichard goes to Ceredigion to enforces strict Forest Law
- The Marcher earls were not taxed so it encouraged them to develop
- Settlers from Normandy were encouraged by the development into Wales to help colonise
*Norman merchants were given privileges to encourage them to expand
- The Marcher earls' followers and their familes
- Wizo leads the Flemmings to colonise parts fo Wales, again they were given trading privilages and small grants of land to encourage settlements
How far does a study of Wales and the Norman Conquest support this statement?

The Normans were able to establish their influence because of the feudal system of landholding and lordship. 
- The Marcher earls were given extensive rights in return for military service, their allegiance to William and to invest in settlements
- Improtant as it allows the Marcher earls to take care of Wales whilst William is busy with England
- Feudal system means Normans in positions of power -reliable
- Wizo leads the Flemmings to colonise parts fo Wales, again they were given trading privilages and small grants of land to encourage settlements
- Gerald of windsor - defends pembroke castle then becomes successful
- Due to the feudal system, The Marcher earls followers and their families had nothing to loose
- They set up churches, towns and markets

Castles
- Springboards
- Chester to Ruddhlan and Bangor
- 100 on border, 300 in wales
- When william came to England in 1081 he built a castile in cardiff and chepstow hall

Military tactics - Castles themselves were a military tactic
- Drawing out Welsh with arches then sending in knights
- Defestating for isolated communities
- Gibert FizRichard enforced Forest law TERROR
- Had better dicipline
How far does a study of Wales and the Norman Conquest support this statement?

The Normans were able to establish their influence because of William's actions 
- He went to wales in 1081 and built Cardiff castle, on the site of a old roman fort which was a strategic position and symbolic as William wanted to align himself with the Roman's power
- He built Chepstow hall to create a sense of wonder of the Normans power and to intimidate locals
* He was brutal to the Revolt of the Earls in 1075 - He took away Roger de Breteuil's land and beheaded Waltheof
- William appointed the Marcher Earls and gave them special privalages (go onto talk about the impact of the Marcher earls in helping colonise)
How far does a study of Wales and the Norman Conquest support this statement?

The Norman's military tactics were the main way William was able to conquer and control Wales 
Normans had superior military tactics as they had experience in battle compared to the isolated communities in Wales
- They drew out Welsh with their arches and then would send in knights
- Tactics of Terror used such as Gilbert FizRichard did brutal raids and enforced forest law
- Normans had better military dicipline
- They also used cavalry to move around easier
- This was devestating for isolated communitites
- After William's death, further advancements into Wales were made but these were short lived as Norman supply lines faced fierce Welsh counter attacks therefore this wasn't the main factor
- Gibert FizRichard enforced Forest law
How far does a study of Wales and the Norman Conquest support this statement?

The Normans were able to control vast areas of land because of the power given to Norman Lords.

(basically same thing as a previous question - no you aren't going mad)
- Marcher Earls built 100 castles on the border and 300 castles in wales
- They very very trusted and helped control Wales
- They had extensive rights such as being exempt from tax (encouraged them to build settlements) had control over the legal system (could put down unrest easily) and could build castles, towns and markets (helped colonise)
- Wales was split up into 3 and Earl of Chester, Shewsbury and Hereford each controlled a section
* Because of the power given to the Marcher Earls, their follower's families were encouraged to colonise Wales
- Another important Norman Lord was Harold Godwinson, he defeated Gruffydd ap Lywelyn in 1063 and broke up unified Wales, making it easier for William to control
The main consequence of the Norman conquest for Wales was
Development of Towns
- Stronger trade links
- Norman Barons were keen to make money from their local area to castles became centers of trade (built next to rivers eg. Pembroke)
- Population grew as people looked for jobs and trading
*Churches were built to show they were supported by god

Tighter control of the Anglo-Welsh border
- The border was not fixed, Wales has a long hisotry of land disputes and border raid were common
- Castles were used to intimidate the locals, the richs given to the Marcher earls ment they could built castles
- When william went to wales in 1081 he built Chepstow hall which was ment to impress the welsh aristocracy
- Castles housed soldiers in wales & england to put down rebellions
- Brutal military tactics were used such as Gilbert FitzRichard led private raids into Credigion and enforced a brutal forest law

Norman expantion
- Normans colonise wales by ecoaraging Normans to move into wales
- Because of the power given to the Marcher Earls, their follower's families were encouraged to colonise Wales
*Norman merchants were given privileges to encourage them to expand
- Many people who moved into wales improve their lives such as Gerald of windsor who defended Pembroke then became successful
- Wizo leads the Flemmings to colonise parts fo Wales, again they were given trading privilages and small grants of land to encourage settlements
Who was Gruffydd ap llywelyn 
- Last king of wales
- He succeeded in unifying wales
Who was Roger of Breteuil? What did he do?
- He was the son of the Earl of Hereford and inherited his title
- in 1075, he led a rebellion against William which failed and he lost his earldom
- Allies with caradog
Who was Caradog ap Gruffydd
- The ruler of Gwent, a part of Wales
- Allies with Roger de Breteuil
Who was Waltheof? 
- English Earl
- Joined Roger De Breteuil in a rebellion against william
- He was beheaded in 1076
Who was Rhys ap Tewdwr 
- Fought caradog and won his land
- Had to agree to pay William £40 a year
Marcher Earls - names, titles, which part of Wales, what did they do to for william previously
Earl of Chester (Hugh d'Avranches) father had supported the 1066 invasion
Earl of Shrewsbury (Roger of Montgomery) had ruled Normany during the 1066 invasion
Earl of Hereford (William FizOsbern) fought @ Hastings

- They have land in other places so their settlers are more interested in colonsing wales than other people
what were the special privlages given to the marcher Earls? What impact did this have
- exempt from tax so encourages them to build settlements
- control over the legal system so could put down unrest easily
- could build castles towns and markets to help colonise
What did Harold Godwinson do in Wales? When was this?
- In 1063, he defeated Gruffydd ap Llywelyn (the King of wales) and broke up a unified wales
main change was increased use of normans to control land; evidence 
welsh marches problematic as often raided by welsh princes so introduced marcher earldoms. William fitzosbern, hugh d'avranches and Roger de montgomery had freedom to build towns and expand castles while not having to pay tax.
main change was increased use of normans to control land; explanation 
earls were able to subdue wales which hadnt been done previously
main change was increased presence of castles; evidence
100 built on welsh border. Chepstow built by William Fitzosbern earl of hereford.
main change was increased presence of castles; explanation
castles were symbols of norman dominance and control over wales whereas previously it had been it's own.
main change was expansion of towns and increased presence of normans within them; evidence 
Wizo brought a group of flemings to settle in a norman town since they had been granted trading priveledges. Markets within welsh towns such as chepstow and hereford attracted norman settlers.
main change was expansion of towns and increased presence of normans within them; explanation 
increase in norman presence in wales. settlers brutal and forced out welsh population leading to oppression of the welsh.
main change was introduction of ceremonial halls; evidence
demonstrate william was most important ruler at crown wearing events. eg chepstow built by william built to intimidate those who requested audience with king
main change was introduction of ceremonial halls; explanation
shows over time wales was subdued as primary function of intimidation turned to role of administration. less need to defend theirselves, more need to control/organise what they had conquested.
wales essay complex judgement; overall change was increased presence of towns
show change to economic developments of wales, went from agricultural communities to more urbanised, increased norman presence.
normans established conquest through landholding evidence 
replaced existing barons and earls with his own men. Marcher earls given lots of power and allowances and in return had to prevent rebellions and attacks from wales. risk they'd become too powerful eg fitzosberns son rebelled
normans established conquest through landholding explanation 
shows how important control of wales was to william that he ran the risk of enabling marcher lords to become so powerful. best and most loyal men on border
normans established conquest through military and castles evidence 
built castles all over wales, 100 on border, eg william built cardiff castle in 1081 and chepstow.
normans established conquest through military and castles explanation
demonstrate norman dominance, deal with rebellions and house troops. sheer number shows how important this factor was
normans established conquest through settlements evidence 
normans colonised area along welsh marches by building castles, laying out towns and founding monastries. eg fitsosbern rebuilt castle at hereford and established new urban centre to its north including new market and church
normans established conquest through settlements explanation 
establish long term norman presence in area
medieval period, surgery, war
Al razi pioneered treatments for eye conditions and tested ligatures. only came to europe with crusades
medieval period, surgery, religion and superstition
ban of human dissections except in unis when proving galen to be correct. surgeons would use zodiac chart to decide if safe to operate.
medieval period, surgery, communication
abulcasis 'father of modern surgery' wrote al tasrif making cauterisation popular
medieval period, surgery, individuals
john of arderne technique to treat anal fistulas and tried to seperate surgeons from lower class barber surgeons
renaissance, surgery, government 
Royal college of surgeons 1800. 1811 required at least one year course in anatomy and one in surgery.
renaissance, surgery, individuals 
Harvey proved blood circulates around the body and heart works like a pump. Vesalius defied catholic church and did human dissections disproving some of galens theories such as us having 1 jaw bone not 2