Guidance and Counseling (Prefinals)

• Avocation - A chosen activity that is pursued by an individual because it gives satisfaction and fulfills an important aspect of the person’s life. It may or may not be income-generating.
• Career - The totality of work and life roles through which an individual expresses himself or herself. It may include work, leisure, and avocational activities.
• Career awareness - One’s consciousness about career-related decisions, which can be facilitated through self-examination of one’s values, abilities, preferences, knowledge of occupations and life roles, and interests.
• Career development - All of the psychological, sociological, educational, physical, economic, and other factors that are at play in shaping one’s career over the life span.
• Career counseling - Individual or group counseling with a focus on increasing career awareness and fostering decision making relative to career goals.
• Career guidance - A program, designed by counselors, that offers information concerning career development and facilitates career awareness for individuals.
• Career path - The sequence of positions and jobs that typically signifies potential advancement. • Job. Specific work tasks that one is responsible for accomplishing.
• Leisure - Time taken from required effort (e.g., job or occupation) in order to pursue self-chosen activities that express one’s abilities and interests.
• Occupations - Jobs of a similar nature that can be found within several work environments and connote the kinds of work a person is pursuing.
• Work - Effort expended at a job, occupation, or avocation in order to produce or accomplish something.
• Career Development - It can be considered developmental because it examines the career decision-making process of an individual as it unfolds through distinct stages.
• True - Career Development is more than just finding a job.
• Career Counseling - It helps an individual navigate the career development process.
• Career Counseling - It helps to raise a person’s awareness about the choices he or she is making in life.
• True - Adequate career counseling can assist us in making smart choices around our work and other life roles.
• True - The work we choose is a large part of the career development process and serves interpersonal needs, psychological needs, family needs, and societal needs.
• True - Numerous studies show that career planning and career counseling are related to job satisfaction and positive mental health.
• True - It is not a big leap to realize that adequate career planning and career counseling can help us feel better about our lives.
• Vocational Guidance - The existence of counseling profession owes its existence to it.
• Industrial Revolution - During this period, demographic changes Brief History throughout the United States.
• True - Almost overnight, there was a large influx of people who moved from rural areas to the cities, an increased number of immigrants who settled mostly in urban areas, and, with this, a large increase in the number of children in city schools.
• True - Shifts in the types of available jobs were evident, as was the need to assist these new city dwellers and students in their vocational development.
• Frank Parsons - He/she is one of the first person credited with developing a systematic approach to vocational guidance.
• Frank Parsons - He/she envisioned systematic vocational guidance in the schools, a national vocational guidance movement, and the importance of counseling to assist individuals in their vocational development.
• Frank Parsons - He is a a humanitarian and social justice advocate, later became known as the founder of vocational guidance.
• Parsons suggested that vocational guidance involved a three-step process which includes:

  1. Knowing oneself
  2. Knowing job characteristics
  3. Making a match between the two through true reasoning.
• Jesse Davis - He/she was from Grand Rapids, Michigan.
• Eli Weaver - He/she was from New York City.
• Anna Reed - He/she was from Seattle.
• These individuals joined the bandwagon of vocational guidance:

  1. Jesse Davis
  2. Eli Weaver
  3. Anna Reed
• Wagner O’Day Act - This act was passed in 1932 during the midst of the Depression.
• U.S. Employment Service - The Wagner O’Day Act established this which provided vocational guidance for the unemployed.
• 1830s - During this period, testing movement began to spread.
• Vocational Guidance and Testing - These two merged which formed a relatively quick and reliable means of determining individual traits.
• Dictionary of Occupational Titles (DOT) - The U.S Department of Labor it which represented one of the first attempts at organizing career information.
• 1950s - During this period, the explosion of career development theories occur.
• Ann Roe - He/she developed her classification system of career counseling, which promoted the idea that early childhood experiences were responsible for later career choices.
• National Defense Education Act (NDEA) - It stressed career guidance in the schools.
• New comprehensive models of career guidance include the idea of:

  1. Focusing on lifelong patterns of career development.
  2. Assisting individuals in making choices that reflected their sense of self.
  3. Examining leisure and avocational activities when working with clients.
  4. Viewing career development as a flexible and changeable process as compared to the rigid, irreversible process of earlier times.
  5. Emphasizing the individual, not the counselor, as the career decision make.
• 1970s - During this period, we saw the emergence of John Holland's theory.