gant

• External Nose


  • Root
  • Bridge or Dorsum
  • Free Tip or Apex
  • Nasal Opening, Nostrils, or Anterior Nares
  • Nasal Column (Septum)
  • Wings or Alae

  
• Upper Bony Support


  • Nasal Bone
  • Frontal Bone
  • Maxillary Bone

  
• Lower Cartilaginous Support


  • Septal nasal cartilage (flat and quadrilateral)
  • Lateral nasal cartilage (wing-like)
  • Major Alar Cartilage
  • Minor Alar Cartilage
  • Vomero-nasal Cartilage (Jacobson's) — associated with Olfactory epithelium

  
• Nasal Muscles


  • Nasalis: Compressor — bridge
  • Nasalis: Dilator — alae
  • Levator Labii Superioris Ala Que Nasi

  
• Piriform Aperture


  Anterior Opening of the nasal cavity

  
• Internal Nose


  • Outer Nasal Vestibule
  • Inner Nasal Cavity Proper

  
• Nasal Cavity


  • Right and Left Chambers

  
• Boundaries of Choanae


  • Medial — Vomer
  • Inferior — Horizontal Plate of Palatine
  • Lateral — Medial Pterygoid Plate
  • Superior — Body of Sphenoid

  
• Divisions of the Internal Nose

  • Nasal Vestibule
  • Nasal Cavity Proper

  
• Walls of the Nasal Cavity

  • Superior Wall: Roof
  • Inferior Wall: Floor
  • Medial Wall: Septum
  • Lateral Wall: Conchae or Turbinates

  
• The Bony Walls


  • Nasal Bones
  • Frontal Bone
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
  • Palatine
  • Maxilla
  • Vomer
  • Inferior Nasal Concha

  
• Roof of Nasal Cavity

  • Nasal Cartilages
  • Nasal Bone
  • Frontal Bone
  • Cribriform Plate of Ethmoid
  • Body of Sphenoid

  
• Ethmoid part of nasal roof

  
• Floor of Nasal Cavity

  • Palatine process of Maxilla
  • Horizontal plate of palatine bones

  
• Nasal Septum


  • Vomer
  • Perpendicular plate of ethmoid
  • Septal cartilage

  
• Nasal septum divides nasal cavity into two narrow chambers - left and right nasal cavities

  
• Nasal septum is seldom placed accurately in the median plane but invariably bulges or deviates to one or other side

  
• Nasal septal deviation is frequently on the right

  
• The mucosa over the olfactory area is softer and more delicate and with very small glands
• The mucosa over the respiratory area is very thick, spongy, and vascular with numerous large mucous glands
• Turbinates


  • Superior Conchae
  • Middle Conchae
  • Inferior Conchae
• Nasal Meati


  • Superior Nasal Meatus
  • Middle Nasal Meatus
  • Inferior Nasal Meatus
• Structures in the Middle Nasal Meatus

  • Frontal Sinus
  • Anterior Ethmoidal Sinus
  • Maxillary Sinus
  • Roomer
  • Atrium

  
• Structures in the Anterior Part of the Middle Nasal Meatus

  • Agger Nasi
  • Infundibulum
  • Hiatus Semilunaris

  
• Hiatus Semilunaris communicates with maxillary air sinus and anterior ethmoidal air cells
• Bulla Ethmoidalis is a prominent bulge at the upper boundary of the Hiatus Semilunaris
• Aperture of the middle ethmoidal air sinus is located at the Hiatus Semilunaris
• Inferior Nasal Meatus has the opening for the Nasolacrimal duct, which drains tears
• Sphenoethmoidal recess is between the sphenoid above and superior concha of ethmoid below, and receives the opening of the Sphenoid Air Sinus
• Nerve Supply of Nasal Septum

  • Special Sensation - olfactory nerve
  • Ordinary Sensation - Long Sphenopalatine Nerve, Short Sphenopalatine Nerve, Medial Nasal Branches of Anterior Ethmoidal Nerve

  
• Olfactory Nerve


  CN I, supplies the upper third of the nasal cavity (superior conchae)

  
• Long Sphenopalatine Nerve


  Also known as "Nasopalatine", carries general sensation (both sensory and autonomic), arises from the sphenopalatine ganglion and enters the nasal cavity through the sphenopalatine foramen

  
• Short Sphenopalatine Nerve


  Posterior superior nasal nerve, from sphenopalatine ganglion and twig from nerves of pterygoid canal, sends twigs to the postero-superior part of the nasal septum

  
• Sphenopalatine (Pterygopalatine) Ganglion


  A parasympathetic ganglion of CN VII, involved in lacrimal, nasal, and palatine secretion, and in conditions like migraine, cluster headaches, and trigeminal neuralgia
• Medial Nasal Branches of Anterior Nasal Ethmoidal Nerve


  Descends over the anterior part of the nasal septum and as far as the nasal vestibule

  
• Arterial Supply of the Nasal Septum

  • Sphenopalatine Arteries (from Maxillary artery)
  • Anterior & Posterior Ethmoidal Arteries (from Ophthalmic artery)
  • Superior Labial Arteries (from Facial artery)
• Epistaxis


  Nosebleeds, caused by infection, injury, allergic reaction, nose picking or an object being pushed into the nostril
• Paranasal Sinuses


  • Frontal
  • Ethmoid
  • Sphenoid
  • Maxillary

  
• Paranasal sinuses are pneumatic or air-filled extensions of the respiratory part of the nasal cavity into the cranial and facial bones

  
• Relationship of Paranasal Air Sinuses to the Orbit

  • Frontal Sinus — Superior
  • Sphenoidal Sinus — Posterior
  • Ethmoidal Sinus — Medial
  • Maxillary Sinus — Inferior