Section A - urban issues and challenges

• Urbanisation

  definition - the growth in the mount of people living in urban areas
• Global patters of urbanisation

  • HIC's - are more economically developed (UK and Japan)
  • LIC's - are less economically developed (Ethiopia and Afghanistan)
  • NEE's - are countries where economic development is increasing rapidly (Brazil and China)
• Mega cities

  What are they?

  • Urban areas with more than 10 million residents (Mumbai, India)
• Where are most mega cities found?

  • located in LIC's and NEE's such as China, India, Brazil and Japan
• Causes of urbanisation

  • employment opportunities
  • economic problems
• Push factors

  • natural disasters
  • fewer jobs
  • desertification makes land unproductive
• Pull factors

  • more better paid jobs
  • better healthcare
  • better quality of life
• A city in a NEE/LIC - Mumbai

  location - western coast of Maharashtra state in western India, bordering the Arabian sea. The city is on a narrow peninsula
• Importance of Mumbai

  Regional

  • 3 million people commute from surrounding areas for work
  • city contributes 40% of total income to the whole state of Maharashtra
• Importance of Mumbai

  National

  • home to the biggest cultural industry in India - Bollywood
• Importance of Mumbai

  International

  • has the largest number of international companies in Asia eg- Volkswagen
• Reasons for growth of Mumbai

  • natural increase + rural urban migration due to push and pull factors
  • 70% of all migrants were from the state of Maharashtra
• Urban growth in Mumbai

  Social opportunities

  • Healthcare - Sion hospital has grown from 50 beds in 1950 to over 1400 today
• Urban growth in Mumbai

  Economic opportunities

  • Infrastructure - create improvements in transport infrastructure and electricity supply will create major economic development. Mumbai has the best city transport system in India
• Urban growth in Mumbai

  Social challenges

  • Sanitation - the majority of people do not have access to flushing toilets. 1 in 20 people use the street as a toilet
• Urban growth in Mumbai

  Environmental challenges

  • waste disposal - each day 9400 tonnes of waste is sent to dumping grounds. waste cannot be collected from slums as the rubbish trucks can't fit down the narrow streets
• Urban planning to improve quality of life in Dharavi

  Problems

  • people live by open sewers + children play among the sewage waste
  • average of 4000 cases of typhoid and diphtheria each day
  • average of one toilet per 1,450 people
• Urban planning to improve quality of life in Dharavi

  Vision Mumbai

  • is a plan to improve Dharavi. the project includes constructing high quality, high rise blocks to replace squatter settlements housing. Many of the inhabitants of Dharavi cannot afford to live in this new accommodation (top-down planning)
• Urban planning to improve quality of life in Dharavi

  Mumbai Slum Sanitation project

  • aims to improve sanitation facilities for up to a million slum dwellers across the city. So far over 300 community toilet blocks have been built with separate facilities for men and women
• A city in a HIC - London

  Location

  • in the south east of England, located on the river Thames. London is the capital city of England. England is in Europe
• Importance of London


  National

  • London is England's capital city. It is the UK's largest and wealthiest city
• Importance of London


  Global

  • London has world city status. Alongside New York, London is one of the 2 most important financial centers
• Opportunities of Urban change in London

  Cultural mix

  • regeneration in Shoreditch has created a cultural mix eg clubs and shops
• Opportunities of Urban change in London

  Recreation and leisure

  • London has a huge number of cultural attractions such as the national history museum
• Opportunities of Urban change in London


  Integrated transport system

  • London serves as a transport network hub for the whole of the UK - many UK motorways converge on London's orbital ring road (the M25)
• Opportunities of Urban change in London

  Urban greening

  • creating rooftop greens paces - the greater London Authority have produced a green roof map of around 730 green roofs
• Challenges of Urban change in London

  Inequalities

  • low income can lead to poor quality housing
  • poor quality housing can lead to ill health
  • ill health can lead to less education due to being off school
  • less education lead to fewer skills to get jobs

  poverty cycle
• Challenges of Urban change in London 


  Urban dereliction

  • loss of industry in the lower lea valley in London leads to dereliction, dereliction leads to crime, graffiti and vandalism
• Challenges of Urban change in London


  Air pollution

  • London has a worse pollution record than most other European cities
• Challenges of Urban change in London

  Waste disposal

  • a large proportion of London's waste goes to landfill sites. These sites contribute to wider environmental problems such as pollution of ground water supplies and releasing methane into the atmosphere
• Urban sprawl

  definition - the uncontrolled growth of towns and cities onto rural surroundings
• Brown field


  ADVANTAGES

  • helps revive old and disused urban areas
  • closer to main access of jobs

  DISADVANTAGES

  • high levels of pollution
  • more expensive to clear out old buildings
• Green field 


  ADVANTAGES

  • relatively cheap
  • healthier environment to build on

  DISADVANTAGES

  • wildlife and habitats are destroyed
• Commuter settlements

  definition - a place people live and travel elsewhere for work
• People move to commuter settlements for -

  ADVANTAGES

  • houses are 15% cheaper
  • less traffic so it will have a nicer environment

  DISADVANTAGES

  • new houses will damage the environment
  • housing demand will increase, so house prices will increase
• Impacts of National and International migration

  • population increase
  • increased cultural diversity
  • provide an economic benefit to the UK as workers will have better skills and experience
• What is the housing problem in London?

  London's population is growing. This has lead to a severe housing shortage in London. The result is that house prices are rising faster in London
• Regeneration: Lower lea valley

  • in Newham, east London
  • where the London olympics were held in 2012
  • one aim of the olympics was to regenerate the area
• Why did the Lower Lea Valley need regenerating?

  • high levels of unemployment (9.4%)
  • low incomes (26% <£15000)
  • lack of education/skills (62% get a grade A+ to C grades)
• What does the London Olympic regeneration project aim to do?

  East village

  • the new name for the athletes village, it now provides 2800 homes for local people and newcomers