indicator species

• air

  black spot fungus on rose leaves + bushy lichen

  crusty lichen
• water

  freshwater shrimp + stonefly larvae

  blood worm + sludgeworm
• blood worms 


  found in polluted water

  they survive bc of the high haemoglobin levels which increases the rate of diffusion allowing them to bind to lots of O2 in the water due to high amounts of nitrates
• water pollution can occur when fertilisers w/nitrates enter the water, causing more microorganisms + more O2 being used up
• fresh water shrimp and stonefly larvae survive in clean water bc they r v sensitive to O2 levels
• crusty lichen survive in polluted air bc they have no roots so get lots of N2 from polluted air (which contains NO2 ect)
• bushy lichen survives in clean air bc they r v sensitive to the levels of SO2 in the air