other facts

• human rights norms

  established and universally accepted standards of human behaviour that are protected by international law. countries sign international treaties to respect them.
• UN convention of the rights of the child

  used to change the treatment of children, forms the basis of UNICEF, for example, the right to play and the right to achieve full potential. factors like infant mortality rate could be prevented if the rights were followed
• universal declaration of human rights

  "no one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment", as well as the right to life etc. (going against them includes, child labour & modern slavery)
• what is intervention

  the use of (military) force in order to change human rights violations, can only legally be done by the UN security council. the UN finds a mandate and the military presence protects locals, strengthens laws, empowers people and promotes rights. can be non military, for example criminal prosecution or economic sanctions
• evaluation of intervention

  there can be immediate benefits, improved stability and development, but it could also increase deaths, loss of homes and create more human rights issues
• what is geopolitics

  the global balance of political power, the USA being the super power (having the most dominance) there are inequalities in power between ACs, EDCs and LIDCs. supranational organisations like EU have a larger influence and MNCs have power whenever they invest
• what 3 factors change spatial patterns of human rights

  forced labour, maternal mortality rates and capital punishment
• what is maternal mortality rates

  the death of a women while pregnant or within 42 days after the termination of her pregnancy, due to its management or the pregnancy itself per 100,000 women. 290,000 women died in 2013, most would have been preventable (are protected by CEDAW) 4 out of 100,000 died in Italy, compared to 1100 out of 100,000 in Sierra Leone
• what is capital punishment

  the death penalty, over 600 executions in 2013, the number of countries abolishing it has increased however some areas have reinstated it due to threats of terrorism. amnesty international and human rights watch are against it
• what is forced labour


  a person is coerced into work through the use of violence, intimidation and threats (as well as witholding passports etc.) there are 21 million victims, including children being denied an education, men unable to leave work due to debt, and women being domestic workers.
• what factors influence maternal mortality

  ignorance from men, lack of investment, lack of education, healthcare access, poverty and discrimination
• what factors influence forced labour

  SOCIAL = gender inequality, families in bonded labour

  POLITICAL = government corruption, conflict and discrimination

  ENVIRONMENTAL = escaping natural disasters and bad quality conditions such as open mines

  ECONOMIC = poverty, unemployment, low wages
• gender inequality


  the unequal treatment of (normally women) a person based on their gender, meaning they dont share the same rights and opportunities. often due to men's deeply rooted partriachal beliefs.
• global gender gap index

  by the world economic forum, takes into account healthy life expectancy, wage equity, women in parliament, literacy rates and education. India's is 0.645
• what is CEDAW

  a UN convention called the convention of the elimination of discrimination against women
• why are women's rights complex

  access to employment, access to education, access to reproductive health services, forced marriage, trafficking and violence
• how does access to education change women's rights

  education is the key to empowering women, allows them to move into the labour market and improves production capacity. an education decreases a womans poverty and fertility. UNICEF is the lead agency.
• what factors influence a women's education

  investment, social norms, discrimination in classrooms, families wanting eldest girls to stay home for chores, benefits only the family she marries into, cost, early marriage
• how does access to employment affect women's rights

  HDI increasing also increases labour force equality. measured using the labour force participation index (Afghanistan is 0.2 suggesting unequal access)
• what factors influence a women's employment

  gender based norms, government support with childcare, social acceptance of women, discrimination
• how does access to reproductive health services influence women's rights

  closely linked to FGM, in developing countries 1 third of girls marry before 18 and there are over 20,000 births a day for under 18 year olds, this limits their education, increases poverty, removes job opportunities and risks social exclusion
• what factors influence a womens reproductive health services

  forced marriage, FGM, access to information (gender bias), lack of empowerment and choice over their own bodies
• global governance


  intervention to help fix human rights
• what strategies are there for global governance

  UN peacekeeping, influence of MNCs (corporate social responsibility), strengthening laws, modernising norms, and UN conventions
• how is the violation of human rights a cause of conflict


  denial of basic human needs, non-representative government, denial of freedom, no respect for people from government
• how is the violation of human rights a consequence of conflict

  displacement of people, innocent casualties, disruption of education, impact on food supply, damage to homes
• Libya

  UN mandate for intervention in 2011, to prevent further violation of human rights such as bombing and starvation
• Haiti

  4,500 uniformed personnel carry out peacekeeping mission (as well as IMF providing money and help with debts)
• UNHRC

  employs experts to promote ideas and values
• OHCHR

  the office of the high commissioner of human rights, provides education and training for civil law enforcement
• conferences (geopolitical intervention)

  share ideas and information as well as courses of action
• technology (geopolitical intervention)

  social media raises awareness and satellite imagery enables inaccessible areas to be seen
• how do NGOs protect human rights

  work as part of the civil society, "on the ground" by providing education, pressuring the government, strengthening the law, modifying social norms, training in agriculture and reporting violations. for example, afghan aid and amnesty
• how does the united nations protect human rights

  193 member states, promote human rights through peacekeeping missions and conventions. for example, OHCHR and CEDAW
• treaties

  formal and written agreements binded by the law, often made by the UN such as the convention on the rights of the child
• civil society

  government and many NGOs acting in the best interests of citizens
• corporate social responsibility

  carried out by MNCs, a set of mandatory guidelines that ensures a company remains ethical. should only work with other companies who follow
• what are millennium development goals

  8 goals for before 2015, such as to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger, to improve maternal health, to reduce child mortality and promote gender equality
• what are the sustainable development goals

  17 goals for 2015 to 2030, including zero hunger, no poverty, life on land and below the sea, clean water and quality education
• what are the short term benefits to intervention

  = military protection prevents further casualties, protected areas to live

  = medical assisstance

  = provision of shelter, sanitation and food from NGOs like OXFAM