Substance-related and addictive disorder

• Substance


  Chemical compounds that are ingested to alter mood or behavior
• Psychoactive substances


  Alter mood, behavior, or both
• Substance Use


  Ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning
• Substance Intoxication


  Physiological reaction to ingested substances
• Substance Use Disorders


  How much of a substance is ingested is problematic
• Physiological Dependence


  The use of increasingly greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect (tolerance) and a negative physical response when the substance is no longer ingested (withdrawal)
• Alcohol


  Produced when certain yeast react with sugar and water, then fermentation takes place
• Alcohol


  • Depressant
  • Inhibitions are reduced and we become more outgoing
  • With more drinking, alcohol depresses the brain which impedes the functioning
• Withdrawal Delirium (Delirium Tremens)


  Condition that can produce frightening hallucinations and body tremors
• Breathalyzer


  Measures levels of intoxication
• GABA seems to be particularly sensitive to alcohol
• The Glutamate system is involved in why alcohol affects our cognitive abilities
• Organic brain syndromes from long-term alcohol use

  Dementia and Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome (Confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech, believed to be caused by a deficiency of thiamine)
• Alcohol Dehydrogenase


  Metabolize alcohol
• Korsakoff syndrome


  Chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B-1), most commonly caused by alcohol misuse
• Caffeine


  Most common psychoactive substance, a "gentle stimulant" found in tea, coffee, soda, and cocoa products
• Cannabis (Marijuana)


  Reactions include mood swings or even dream-like experiences, chronic and heavy users report tolerance, especially to euphoric high
• Hallucinogens


  Most common is "LSD" produced synthetically in the laboratory, others include psilocybin (mushroom), lysergic acid amide (seeds of morning glory plant), dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and mescaline
• Phencyclidine (PCP)


  Snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously, causes impulsivity and aggressiveness
• Inhalant


  Solvents, aerosol sprays, gases, nitrites, usually found at home or workplace
• Opioid


  Natural chemicals in the opium poppy that have narcotic effect (relieves pain and induce sleep), includes natural opiates, synthetic variation, and the comparable substances that occur naturally in the brain, also includes Heroin
• Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-


  Calming, sleep-inducing, and anxiety-reducing, includes barbiturates and benzodiazepines
• Combining alcohol with sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic substances can be fatal
• Stimulant


  Most commonly consumed psychoactive drugs in US, includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
• Amphetamine


  Can induce feelings of elation and vigor and can reduce fatigue, prescribed to people with narcolepsy and ADHD
• Methylenedioxymethamphetamine or ecstasy


  Club drug that makes you feel euphoric
• Methamphetamine


  Crystal meth
• Cocaine


  Increases alertness, produces euphoria, increases blood pressure and pulse, and causes insomnia and loss of appetite
• Intranasal use and oral use of substances result in more gradual progression occurring over months to years
• Tobacco


  Contains nicotine
• Tobacco is linked with signs of negative affect such as depression, anxiety, and anger
• Being depressed increases your risk of becoming dependent on nicotine and, at the same time, being dependent will increase your risk of becoming depressed
• Acute alcohol withdrawal


  Occurs as an episode usually lasting 4-5 days and only after extended periods of heavy drinking
• Withdrawal is rare for individuals younger than 30 years
• The symptoms of an alcohol-induced mental disorder are likely to remain clinically relevant as long as the individual continues to experience severe intoxication or withdrawal
• Genetic factors may affect how people experience and metabolize certain drugs
• Opponent-Process Theory


  An increase in positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in negative feelings and vice versa
• Expectancy Effect


  Expectancies develop before people actually use drugs, perhaps as a result of loved one's use, advertising, etc.
• Treatments


  • Nicotine replacement therapy
  • Bupropion
  • Naltrexone
  • Acamprosate
  • Disulfiram
  • Methadone
  • Buprenorphine
  • Aversion Therapy
  • In-patient treatments
  • Aversion Therapy
• Cross-Tolerance


  Tolerance for a substance has not taken before as a result of using another substance similar to it