Digestive System

• Dental caries


  Caused by acid production resulting from bacterial metabolism of sugars
• Dental caries


  • Caused by acids from bacteria
• Actinic cheilitis


  Too much exposure to sunlight
• Herpes simplex (oral herpes)

  Infection of the lips, mouth, or gums due to the herpes simplex virus
• Herpes simplex (oral herpes)
• Herpes simplex (oral herpes)


  Caused by contamination of mucus to mucus contact
• Canker sores


  A painful, non-contagious sore inside of the mouth
• Gingivitis


  Due to short-term effects of plaque deposits on the teeth
• Parotitis


  A painful swelling of the parotid glands in particular, salivary glands that is found below the ears
• Dysphagia


  Difficulty swallowing
• Esophagitis


  Inflammation that damages the lining of the esophagus
• Achalasia


  The muscles of the lower part of esophagus fail to relax or narrowed
• Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)


  Commonly known as heartburn, a common condition which the stomach contents move up into the esophagus
• Enteryx


  Endoscopically implanted device, prevents reflux of gastric acid into the throat
• Hiatal hernia


  Weakness in the diaphragm, Protrusion of the stomach through esophageal opening in the diaphragm
• Zenker diverticulum


  Abnormal tightening of the upper esophageal sphincter (cricopharyngeus muscles)
• Gastritis


  Inflammation in the stomach lining, the gastric mucosa weakens which causes abrasion and inflammation
• NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs)

  Could cause peptic ulcer because they are cox inhibitors that produces the prostaglandins for inflammation
• COX inhibitor


  Help lining of the stomach for protection
• Peptic ulcer disease


  Causes open sores in your stomach lining or duodenum
• Inflammatory bowel disease


  Group of chronic disorders associated with inflammation on small or large intestine
• Crohn's disease


  An inflammatory bowel disease
• Ulcerative colitis


  Affects the large intestine, Inflammation in the colon
• Gastroenteritis


  Inflammation, swelling, and irritation of the inside lining of your gastrointestinal tract
• Anal fistula


  Abnormal tunnel under the skin that connects the anal in the colon to the skin of the buttocks
• Hemorrhoids


  Veins around the anus stretch under pressure especially after eating spicy foods
• Inguinal hernia


  A bulge that occurs in the groin area
• Appendicitis


  Appendix gets blocked and become infected
• Digestive system


  Primarily to digest food and absorb food and to excrete different waste products with the help of our liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small and large intestine and also our rectum
• Main components of digestive system

  • Gastrointestinal tract
  • Pancreas, gallbladder, and liver
  • Enzymes, hormones, nerves, and blood
  • Mesentery
• How digestion occurs


  1. Before the food hits our mouth, the digestive process already begins

  2. Once the food is inside our mouth, our chewing together with slashing of saliva, turns our food into a "bolus"

  3. The enzymes breaks down and starch, then the food will be transferred to our esophagus

  4. The different hormones secreted by the cells in the lining of the stomach will trigger also the release of acids and enzyme rich juices from our stomach walls that start to dissolve the food that we eat and breaks it down into proteins

  5. The HORMONES will also alert/trigger the pancreas, gall bladder and the live to produce digestive juices, and transfer it to the BILE in preparation for the next stage

  6. The chunks inside the stomach will stay for 3 hours then the chunks inside our stomach will turn into CHIME

  7. Our liver will send the chime into the gall bladder which secrete it to the small intestine, and it will take it to the DUODENUM

  8. The VILLI in the small intestine creates the huge surface area to maximize the absorption and the transfer of food into the blood stream
• Functions of the digestive system

  • Ingestion
  • Secretion
  • Mixing and propulsion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Defecation
• Mechanical digestion


  Along the gastrointestinal tract, first mechanical digestion happens in the mouth cavity via chewing
• Chemical digestion


  The saliva that is secreted by the digestive system, different enzymes help in the hydrolysis of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids
• Absorption


  When we digest biomolecules, we absorb amino acids, glucose and fats in the small intestine
• Defecation


  Excretion of any excess material that is produced during the digestion of food, main content: fibers coming from carbohydrate containing food like vegetables
• Digestion


  By breaking down different proteins we produce amino acids, by breaking down carbohydrates, we produce sugar or glucose, and in breaking down of lipids, we produce fats
• Digestion is the most important mechanism because our body needs different nutrients, so we can function well from the food that we eat
• Water (H2O) is needed for hydration
• Layers of the GI tract

  • Mucosa
  • Submucosa
  • Muscularis
  • Serosa