Cellular Function

• What Organelles does an animal cell have?

  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
• What is an Enzyme?

  A biological catalyst., speeds up chemical reactions. Enzymes reduce the need for high temperatures.
• What organelles does a plant cell have?

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell Membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
  • Cell Wall
  • Vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
• What does the Nucleus do?

  Contains genetic Material that controls the activities of the cell, which are arranged into chromosomes.
• What does the Cytoplasm do?

  Gel-Like Substance where most of the chemical reactions happen.
• What is the function of the cell membrane?


  Functions to regulate the movement of substances in and out of the cell .
• What is the function of the Mitochondria?

  Where most of the reactions for respiration take place. Respiration transfers energy that the cell needs.
• What is the function of Ribosomes?

  Protein synthesis
• What is the function of the cell wall?

  Support and Protection
• What is the function of the vacuole?

  Contains cell sap, a weak solution made up of sugars and salts. It maintains the internal pressure to support the cell
• What is the function of Chloroplasts?

  Photosynthesis, the chloroplasts contain a green substance called chlorophyll
• What are the differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell?

  Prokaryotic: no nucleus-has a nucleoid-, no membrane-bound organelles-free in the cytoplasm ,unicellular, Eukaryotic: nucleus, membrane-bound organelles ,multicellular
• what are the similarities between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell

  having a cell membrane, having DNA, ribosomes,
• what is a prokaryotic cell


  simple cells that lack a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
• what is a eukaryotic cell

  simple cells that contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
• What organelles are in a bacteria cell?

  Chromosomal DNA, Ribosomes, Cell wall , Flagellum , Plasmid DNA, Cytoplasm
• What is a flagellum?

  A whip-like tail used for movement.
• What does Chromosomal DNA do?

  Controls the cell's activities and replication and floats free in the cytoplasm
• What does plasmid DNA do?

  Small loops of extra DNA that aren't part of the chromosome. Plasmids contain genes for things like drug resistance.
• What does Distilled mean?

  Pure water that has been purified by undergoing heating and condensation.
• Cell differentiation is the process by which a cell becomes specialised
• What is a specialised cell?

  Uniquely adapted cells differentiated to peform a specific function.
• What are 6 examples of specialised cells?

  palisade cells, red blood cells, white blood cells, sperm cells, egg cells, root hair cells.
• How is a sperm cell specialised?

  -Extra mitochondria for energy to swim to the egg

  -flagellum for movement

  -haploid nucleus

  -Has an acrosome which contains digestive cells to break down the egg cell membrane
• Why is the sperm cell haploid?

  So that the sperm cell can fuse with the haploid nucleus of an egg cell to produce a diploid zygote
• How is a ciliated cell specialised?

  -Designed to stop lung damage

  -Hairs sweep mucus with trapped dust and bacteria
• How are root hair cells adapted?

  Long and thin shape, large surface area, and presence of root hairs increase absorption of water and minerals from the soil.
• How is a red blood cell adapted?

  -Has hamoglobin

  -Large surface area

  -no nucleus to make room for oxygen
• What does a red blood cell do?

  Carries oxygen from the lungs to the body and carbon dioxide from the body back to the lungs
• What does haemoglobin do?

   a two-way respiratory carrier, transporting oxygen from the lungs to the tissues and facilitating the return transport of carbon dioxide. 
• Why is the red blood cell biconcave?

  to optimise the flow properties of the blood in the large vessels.
• Why does the red blood cell have a large surface area?

   for the diffusion of oxygen across their surfaces.
• What does a white blood cell do?

  Fights against pathogens{microorganisms that cause disease}-flexible shape-eats any bacteria disease
• How is a white blood cell adapted?

  Irregular shape, they can change shape to squeeze out of blood vessels and get to the site of infection. 
• The function of the palisade cell is photosynthesis.
• How is a palisade cell adapted?

  Contains lots of chloroplasts to maximise the rate of photosynthesis
• The function of the root hair cell is absorption of water and minerals from soil.
• What is the function of a nerve cell?

  A type of cell that receives and sends messages from the body to the brain and back to the body. The messages are sent by a weak electrical current called neurons.
• Nerve cells are adapted to carry electrical impulses from one place to another. They feature: an axon. – a single nerve fibre that carries nerve impulses away from a cell body which is insulated by a fatty sheath.
• Compare and contrast the structure of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells

  Animal cells and Plant cells are eukaryotic cells and bacteria cells are prokaryotic .A bacteria cell has a nucleotide instead of a nucleus , has a cell wall and a cell membrane , not membrane bound free in the cytoplasm. The cell wall is made out of peptidoglycan with genes to fight against antibiotics, it has a flagellum for movement.