Vygotsky

• The zone of proximal development (ZPD) refers to the gap between what a child can do independently and what they are capable of achieving with guidance from an adult or more able peer.
• Vygotsky's theory is based on the idea that children develop through social interaction with others, particularly adults.
• Scaffolding?


  the support given to an infant by a more experienced other. DEMONSTRATE. PREPARE. INDICATE. VERBAL INSTRUCTIONS. GENERAL PROMPTS
• Language?


  saw language as a consequence of cognitive development, saw it an underpinning cognitive development. cultures is transmitted throughout semiotics. a child's language becomes more complex as they are able to formulate thoughts
• Elementary mental functions?


  Attention, sensation, perception, memory
• Freund (1999?


  child had to decide where furniture when in doll house. those who previously worked with their mothers did better than those who worked alone.
• Vgotsky (1962)?

  it is the main means by which adults transmit information to children. Language itself becomes a very powerful tool for intellectual adaptation
• Social speech?


  which is external communication used to talk to others.
• Private speech?


  which is directed to the self an serves an intellectual function.
• Private speech goes underground?

  diminishing in audibility as it takes on a self-regulating function and is transformed into silent inner speech
• Gredler 1992?


  reported how the use of fingers and arms for counting limited learning, illustrating how culture influences cognitive development.