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• Copernican intellectual revolution


  How to view the world... the universe rather
• Geocentrism


  The belief that the Earth is fixed at the center of the Universe, and the sun, moon, stars and even the planets revolve around our planet
• Claudius Ptolemy


  • Proposed geocentrism around 150 BCE
  • Greek mathematician, astronomer, geographer, and astrologer
  • Lived in Alexandria under Roman rule
  • Used Babylonian observations and lunar theory
• Heliocentrism


  The astronomical model in which the Earth and planets revolve around the Sun at the center of the Solar System
• Aristarchus of Samos


  • Ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer who introduced the heliocentric view prior to the geocentric view around c. 310 – c. 230 BC
  • His concept was refuted and not accepted due to lack of evidence
• Nicole d'Oresme


  • Philosopher Astronomer who wrote "The Book of Heaven and Earth" supporting the heliocentric view around 1370
  • His concept was rejected by the community as it was against the church's prevailing belief of geocentrism
• Nicolaus Copernicus


  • Reintroduced the heliocentric view with his book "De Revolutionubus Orbium Colestium" or "The Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres" in the 16th century
  • Stated that the earth is not the center of the universe, the center is near the sun and the earth-sun distance is negligible compared to the distance to the stars
• Tycho Brahe


  • Danish astronomer and writer known for his accurate and comprehensive astronomical observations
  • Proposed the geoheliocentric view, fusing concepts from geocentric and heliocentric views
  • Had a fully funded research island with two observatory castles, the Uraniborg and the Stjerneborg
• In 1956, at age 20, Tycho lost part of his nose at a sword fight with his third cousin, Manderup Parberg, because of a mathematical equation
• Johannes Kepler


  • German astronomer, mathematician, and astrologer
  • Wrote "Astronomia Nova" or the "New Astronomy" where he proposed three laws of planetary motion
  • Provided evidence to strengthen the heliocentric view and introduced the concept to the church
• Galileo Galilei did not invent the telescope, it was invented by a Dutch spectacle maker Hans Lippersheyin in Holland, but Galileo was the first to enhance the scientific instrument and use it to understand the universe
• Galileo has been called the "father of observational astronomy", the "father of modern physics", the "father of the scientific method", and the "father of modern science"
• The Copernican intellectual revolution did not die along with Copernicus, it became a progressive series of events which eventually led to the birth of modern astronomy
• The Copernican intellectual revolution changed the way we view not only the world, but the universe
• Darwinian intellectual revolution


  Challenging the "how" of life of living organisms
• Charles Darwin


  • English naturalist
  • Went on a voyage to South America on the ship Beagle for five years
  • Collected fossils and observed different species on the Galapagos islands, which led to developing the theory of evolution by natural selection
  • Published the book "On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection"
• Alfred Russel Wallace


  • Fellow naturalist who independently developed a theory of evolution by natural selection
  • Traveled to Southeast Asia and observed different environments producing different populations
  • Coined the term "self-acting process" where the fittest would survive
  • Invented the principle of biogeography
• Herbert Spencer re-coined the term "survival of the fittest" which was initially intended for animals but later applied to human society in "Social Darwinism", which Darwin and Wallace did not agree with
• The Darwinian intellectual revolution challenged not only how we view life, but the "how" of life
• Freudian intellectual revolution


  Exploring the mental life and personality
• Sigmund Freud


  • Austrian neurologist and founder of psychoanalysis
  • Introduced the psychoanalytic perspective and the concept of the unconscious mind playing a vital role in human personality
  • Proposed the three fundamental structures of the mind: Id, Superego, and Ego
  • Introduced the concept of defense mechanisms and the psychosexual theory of personality development
• Neo-Freudians


  • Group of psychiatrists and psychologists in the mid-20th century who were influenced by Freud but extended his theories in different aspects
  • Included Karen Horney, Carl Jung, and Alfred Adler
• Freud's psychoanalytic theory revolutionized how people view human behavior and personality, but it is only one perspective on what makes us who we are
• Humanistic theories rose in attempt to uncover the puzzle of human personality
• Freud's psychoanalytic theory revolutionized how people view the human behavior and personality by exploring the mental life and personality
• Psychoanalytic and humanistic theories of personality were incredibly influential, and up to date, many psychologists and neurologists attempts to explain the human behavior and personality
• This has also brought to the development of personality measurements and assessments that is being used today
• Freudian intellectual revolution


  Challenged and changed the way how we view the human mind and its relationship to our behavior and personality
• The three majorly intellectual revolutions discussed has indeed influenced our way of thinking and living
• This chapter will further discuss societal intellectual revolutions on Africa, Mesoamerica, Middle-East, and China
• Isaac Newton


  One of the greatest physicists and mathematicians of all time
• Newton's discoveries and inventions widened the reaches of human thought and demonstrated the power of the scientific way of thinking
• Newton's most famous discoveries

  • Newton's three laws of motion
  • His discovery of the gravitational force
  • His co-discovery of calculus
• Newton's Magnum Opus - The Principia synthesized what was known, into a logically whole and consistent theoretical framework, through his laws of motion and theory of gravitation
• Newton: '"Truth is ever to be found in the simplicity, and not in the multiplicity and confusion of things."'
• Newton's laws of motion

  • First Law of Motion
  • Second Law of Motion
  • Third Law of Motion
• Newton's second law of motion

  Force = Mass x Acceleration
• Newton's law of gravitation


  Every particle of matter attracts every other particle with a force along the straight line joining them and is directly proportional to their masses, while inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
• Newton validated Kepler's laws and the heliocentric model of the solar system
• Newton's discoveries in optics

  • He discovered white light to be composed of component color wavelengths
  • He showed that color arises from reflection and transmission of light and primarily from selective absorption of light by materials
  • He predicted the dispersion and aberration of light in telescopes and suggested remedies to correct the same
  • He showed white light to be made of component colors
  • He put forward the theory that light is made up of corpuscles