10.2

• Formal Demography


  • [1] Population Size
  • [2] Population Structure
  • [3] Population Growth and Decline
  • [4] Population Distribution
  • [5] Population Characteristics/Composition
  • [6] Population Processes
• Population Processes


  • [6.1] Mortality
  • [6.2] Fertility
  • [6.3] Migration
• Death


  Permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at an time after birth has taken place
• Endogenous death


  Death within the body (e.g. death due to a genetic condition)
• Exogenous death


  Death due to a foreign element that came to the body (e.g. Dengue)
• Actual cause of death


  Diagnosed; what appears on your death certificate
• Real cause of death


  The immediate cause of death (e.g. consumption of alcohol, drugs, tobacco)
• Morbidity


  Frequency of sickness or diseases
• Classification of diseases


  • Communicable diseases
  • Neglected communicable diseases
  • Non-communicable diseases
• Illness


  Physical and social state, socio-cultural, degree of relativism, temporary characteristics
• Disease


  Biological (what doctors diagnose)
• Life span


  Biological variable, maximum number of years a person can survive in an ideal circumstance
• Life expectancy


  Social variable, average number of years one expects to live
• Living in a developing country and moving to a developed country


  Increases life expectancy
• Fecundity


  Biological capacity of a woman to give birth or to reproduce
• Subfecundity


  Temporary state of infecundity (inability to reproduce)
• Sterility


  Inability to procreate (primary or secondary)
• Secular trend


  Trend showing the average age of puberty is decreasing over time due to better nutrition
• Menarche


  Beginning of menstruation
• Menopause


  End of menstruation; end of a woman's fertility
• Reproductive age group


  Reproductive capacity of women (15-49 in developed, 15-44 in developing countries, peak 25-29)
• Easterlin's income hypothesis


  As income increases, people want more and are less willing to have children
• Fertility remains to lag behind mortality
• Many societies are still at the pre-industrial stage of development, where children are seen as economic producers</b>
• Internal migration


  Moving within a state, country, or continent
• External migration


  Moving to a different state, country, or continent
• Emigration


  Leaving one's country to move to another
• Immigration


  Moving in from a country to a new one
• Push factors


  Reasons that make someone decide to move, often negative (e.g. unemployment, war)
• Pull factors


  Expectations that attract people to a new place, often positive (e.g. job opportunities, better standard of living)
• Inputs that cause changes in population


  • In-migration
  • Births
• Outputs that cause changes in population


  • Out-migration
  • Deaths
• Endogamous replacement


  Natural process based on reproduction and death
• Exogamous replacement


  Entries and exits by migration