Tutorial 1

• Learning objectives


  • 1.
  • i.
  • ii.
  • iii.
  • i.
  • ii.
  • 2.
  • 3.
• Patton K.T., & Thibodeau G.A. (2016). Anatomy & Physiology (9th ed.). St Louis, MO: Elsevier
• Cell membrane


  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Permeability
  • Movement of molecules
  • Functions of proteins

  
• Facilitated diffusion


  Movement of molecules across cell membrane
• Active transport


  Movement of molecules across cell membrane using energy

  
• Vesicles


  Used in active transport
• Cellular respiration: conversion of fuel to energy
• Metabolism


  Conversion of fuel to ATP
• ATP and ADP


  Cycle to release energy
• Aerobic respiration


  1. Glycolysis

  2. Citric acid (Krebs) cycle

  3. Electron transport chain
• Anaerobic respiration: summary
• Anaerobic respiration


  Homeostasis
• Atoms


  Smallest unit of matter
• Atoms


  • The nucleus contains protons and neutrons
  • Electrons (e-) surround the nucleus on electron shells
  • Atoms carry a positive or negative charge

  
• Most common atoms in the body

  • Oxygen (O)
  • Carbon (C)
  • Hydrogen (H)
  • Nitrogen (N)
  • Calcium (Ca)
  • Phosphorus (P)
  • Potassium (K)
  • Sodium (Na)
• Atoms becoming ions


  Atoms lose or gain an electron, resulting in a negative or positive charge

  
• Anions


  Negatively charged ions like chloride (Cl-)
• Cations


  Positively charged ions like sodium (Na+)

  
• Ionic bonds


  Electrons are transferred from one atom to another
• Covalent bonds


  Atoms share electrons
• Hydrogen bonds


  Weaker attractive forces between atoms
• Important ions to remember

  • H+ (hydrogen ion)
  • Na+ (sodium ion)
  • K+ (potassium ion)
  • Cl- (chloride ion)
  • Ca2+ (calcium ion)
• Kinetic energy


  Enables atoms to move and vibrate, especially in gases and liquids
• Electrolytes


  Compounds that break up into positive and negative ions in a solute
• Molecules


  Groups of paired atoms that form chemical bonds
• 4 main organic molecules

  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids
• Carbohydrates


  Provide energy for cell function, some used to build DNA/RNA, glucose is the main carbohydrate broken down to produce ATP
• Lipids


  Molecules that do not dissolve in water, formed from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, have an oil-like consistency
• Types of proteins


  • Structural proteins
  • Hormones
  • Contractile proteins
  • Antibodies
  • Haemoglobin
  • Enzymes
  • Neurotransmitters
• Enzymes


  Protein molecules that increase the rate of chemical reactions, very specific and act on one substrate, not used up in the reaction

  
• Factors that alter enzyme activity

  • Temperature
  • pH
• Nucleic acids


  Organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous, include DNA and RNA

  
• Water


  All living organisms require water to survive, most abundant and important compound in the body, substances that dissolve in water are hydrophilic, substances that cannot mix in water are hydrophobic
• Tonicity


  Measure of the effective osmotic pressure gradient, determines the direction and extent of diffusion
• Types of solutions based on tonicity

  • Hypotonic
  • Isotonic
  • Hypertonic
• pH


  Refers to the amount of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution, the greater the number of H+ ions, the more acidic and lower the pH number