Solubulity: like dissolves like

• water has 2 H-bonds, so other substances with hydrogen bonding will be soluble in water. Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar substances
• Effect of size - the bigger the molecule/longer the carbon chain, the less soluble/miscible it will be. Small acids and alcohols are miscible with water but as they get larger, solubility/miscibility decreases. When comparing molecules of the same functional group, the longer the nonpolar hydrocarbon chain, the less soluble the molecule becomes
• solvent extraction - a physical process based on the idea that "like dissolves like". A solvent is added to selectively dissolve and remove an impurity ir a useful product

  • ex. a grease stain is removed with a nonpolar solvent
• Cracking - used to break longer C chains into smaller ones

  • thermal: heated + pressurized
  • catalytic: oxygen and zeolyte and heat
  • steam: HC diluted with steam and heated with no O2
  • hydro - heated at high pressure -> saturated HC
• Reforming - straight chain -> branched alkanes. Easier to burn
• Cracking is the process of breaking higher hydrocarbons into lower hydrocarbons. It may be performed in three ways, thermal cracking, catalytic cracking and steam cracking. Reforming involves the conversion of open chain hydrocarbons and cycloalkanes in the presence of a catalyst to aromatic hydrocarbons
• fractioning column - larger molecules at the bottom (ie. fuel oil) and smaller ones at the top (ie. petrol)