English

• Outline writing


  The process of organizing and structuring your thoughts, ideas, and key points before you start writing a longer work, such as an essay, report, or speech
• Outline writing


  • It involves creating a hierarchical structure that outlines the main sections, sub-sections, and supporting details of your writing
• Topic outline


  A hierarchical outline composed of sentences, where each entry is a subtopic of the subject of the outline, using only words and phrases
• Sentence outline


  A formal outline that contains both a topic outline and a sentence outline
• How to write a topic outline

  1. Understand your purpose

  2. Identify your main topic

  3. Break it down into key points

  4. Arrange your key points logically

  5. Divide your key points into subtopics

  6. Use indentation to show hierarchy

  7. Keep it balanced

  8. Review and revise
• Example topic outline


  • I. Introduction
  • A. Hook: Start with an engaging opening sentence
  • B. Thesis statement: Regular exercise provides numerous physical and mental benefits for individuals of all ages
  • II. Physical Benefits of Exercise
  • A. Increased cardiovascular health and endurance
  • Reduces the risk of heart disease and stroke
  • Improves lung function and oxygen flow
  • B. Weight management and improved body composition
  • Helps maintain a healthy weight
  • Builds lean muscle and reduces body fat
  • III. Mental and Emotional Benefits of Exercise
  • A. Enhanced mood and reduced stress
  • Releases endorphins, which promote feelings of happiness
  • Alleviates symptoms of anxiety and depression
  • Boosts brain health and enhances memory retention
  • Enhances focus, attention, and productivity
  • IV. Social Benefits of Exercise
  • A. Opportunities for social interaction and connection
  • Engaging in group exercises or team sports
  • Joining fitness classes or clubs
  • B. Increased self-confidence and self-esteem
  • Achieving fitness goals boosts self-confidence
  • Positive body image and improved self-perception
  • V. Conclusion
  • A. Recap the main benefits of exercise
• Idea Development


  The process of expanding and elaborating on a particular idea or topic using language. It involves using various grammatical signals and patterns to convey meaning effectively and coherently.
• Vocabulary


  Words, phrases, or structures in a language that convey specific meanings or functions. They can include things like verb tense, sentence structure, conjunctions, and other parts of speech.
• Pattern of Idea Development

  The different ways in which ideas can be organized and presented in a text. These can include things like chronological order, cause-and-effect relationships, comparison and contrast, and other common patterns.
• Grammatical Signals or Expressions


  Writing devices that serve to maintain text coherence or unity of ideas. They signal relationship between sentences. They can be words or phrases that connect ideas of sentences and paragraphs for coherence.
• Some of the earliest Chinese poems may date back to

  1000 BCE
• The oldest poem collection dates back to

  621 BCE
• Most of the various poems were compiled during the Zhou period, at around

  600 BCE
• 4 Kinds of Signal Words

  • General-to-Particular or Specific
  • Claim and Counterclaim
  • Problem-Solution
  • Cause-Effect
• General-to-Particular or Specific


  Begins with a general idea or statement and is followed by specific details to support and explain it. The details may become specific as development continues. The pattern ends with a general statement that summarizes all the detail.
• General-to-Particular or Specific


  • This toy helps children to discover their abilities; in other words, children can learn new things from the toy
  • Rare indeed is the chance to witness the breathtaking power of a storm surge.
  • The students, namely Pat, Mora, Levi, and Angelo are given special assignments.
• Claim and Counterclaim


  1. A claim is a statement that presents an arguable position. It reflects your interpretation, belief, or opinion. The claim typically answers the question: "What do I think?"

  2. To respond to a claim by denying it with corresponding reasons or evidences is to make a counterclaim. A counterclaim is the strongest argument against your claim.
• Claim and Counterclaim


  • Claim: I believe that Japanese literature was heavily influenced by cultural contact with China and their literature because the early Japanese literary works were often written in classical Chinese.
  • Counterclaim: According to my research, it was Indian literature that had an influence literature through the propagation of Buddhism in Japan.
• Lexical Items used in Claim and Counterclaim


  • Claim
  • Assert
  • Truth
  • False
  • Denial: Contradict, Challenge, Correct
  • Affirmation: Affirm, Agree, Confirm
  • According to
  • Apparently
  • Believe
  • Estimate
  • Evidently
  • Imagine
  • Likely
  • Might
  • Perhaps
  • Probably
  • Seem
  • Suggest
• Problem-Solution Pattern


  1. The problem-solution pattern is used in persuasive writing with the writer's aims to: convincing the reader to support a certain course of action and making the reader change his/her opinion or behavior by showing that a problem exists, then providing a solution.

  2. In the Problem section, the writer aims to: identify the different sides of the problem being discussed and offer the evidence for these problems. identify a possible solution and support the effectiveness of this solution over others.

  3. In the Solution section, the writer aims to:
• Signal Words or Expressions used in Problem-Solution Pattern

  • The problem is
  • The question is
  • A solution next
  • One answer is
  • A difficulty is
  • Clearly
  • Obviously
  • To solve
• Problem-Solution Pattern


  • In the early 1800s, the country needed room to grow. The problem was most people lived in the East. The cities were crowded. New land was expensive. Young families couldn't afford to buy farms. Then, as a solution, the government purchased land from France.
  • One of the problems of the world is plastic waste. The growing rate of plastic production raises problems in many areas of our society. It's contributing to waste and pollution issues, it's impacting our health, and it's threatening our oceans and wildlife. A solution to this problem, We must use alternatives like cloth bags and paper bags instead of plastic bags.
• Cause-Effect


  1. Cause and effect as a pattern of paragraph development is used to show the relationship between ideas, topics, etc. It describes how one event influenced a later event or what caused an event to take place.

  2. The cause happens before the effect, but it doesn't have to be written first.

  3. Look for signal words such as: Cause - because/because of, since, for, seeing that, on account of, due to, owing to. Effect - therefore, that is why, as a result, consequently, for a reason, thus so, hence.
• Cause-Effect


  • The two female delegates misplaced their passports. As a result, they had to cancel their flight to East Timor.
  • Irish's new coconut shakes received glowing reviews. Consequently, more people wanted to try her famous coconut with ube dessert.
• Cause-Effect


  • The two female delegates misplaced their passports. _________, they had to cancel their flight to East Timor. as a result
  • _____ the movie "The Walkers" was not very successful, the producers decided not to make a sequel. Since
  • _____ a very low enrollment, the course in acting will be offered only in the second semester. Due to
  • The Spanish authorities have learned about the old woman's activities, _________ they aressted her. As a result
• Estrella E. De Vera, et.al. (201). Essential English 8 Revised Edition. Worktext in Literature and Language. Manila, Philippines. REX Book Store
• Cohesive devices


  Connectors which can be used in writing
• Cohesive devices


  Conjunctions, connectives and pronouns used to link the parts of a piece of writing
• Cohesion


  Writing is well structured with linked ideas that follow a logical pattern. Sentences and paragraphs follow smoothly and are written in the same tense, meaning the piece of writing as a whole is fluid and makes sense.
• Importance of cohesion


  • It helps students how to order and structure sentences and paragraphs
  • It means related ideas are kept together and flow logically from one to another
  • It helps students express their ideas in a way that the reader will clearly understand
• Achieving cohesion


  Students must select appropriate nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs in order for a sentence to make sense
• Coordinating Conjunctions


  
  
• Use: and, but, or, nor, for, so, and yet. Connect two equal or similar ideas.
• Subordinating Conjunctions


  
  
• Use: because, since, after, although, if, unless, till, until, and before. Connect a dependent clause to an independent clause.
• Use: both...and, either...or, not only...but also, or whether...or. Connect two contrasting or corresponding ideas.
• Adverbial Conjunctions