The push and pull applied to an object, an influence that changes the motion of an object
Applying force to an object
1. Object remains stationary
2. Apply force to move object
3. Apply force in opposite direction to stop object
Force

Magnitude (how strong the force is)
Direction (where the object goes)
Point of application (location where force is applied)
Line of action (straight line passing through point of application and parallel to direction of force)
Magnitude of force

Expressed in newton (mks system), dyne (cgs system), pound (fps system)
The greater the magnitude of force, the faster the velocity of the object
Types of force

Contact forces
Non-contact forces
Contact forces

Applied force
Friction force
Normal force
Tension force
Applied force

Force exerted by a person or object towards another person or object
Friction force

Force that goes against the direction of the applied force, causing the object to slow down
Normal force

Upward force exerted by a surface on an object resting on it
Tension force

Force applied to a string, rope, chain, or cable, resisting the force that causes the object to stretch
Functions of Cells

Regeneration, Immune Response, Energy Production, Communication
Newton's third law states that for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
Newton's second law describes how the acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the net force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass.
Newton's first law states that an object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by an external force.
What is energy defined as?
Energy is the capacity to do work.
What are the main types of energy?
Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy
What does "potential" mean in the context of potential energy?
"Potential" means the energy has the ability to do something useful later on.
What is gravitational potential energy?

Gravitational potential energy is the energy stored in an object due to its position above the Earth's surface.
What causes gravitational potential energy?

It is caused by the force of gravity acting on an object.
What are the variables that affect potential energy?
Mass
Gravitational acceleration (due to gravity)
Height
What is the formula for calculating potential energy?
PE = mgh
What does each variable in the potential energy formula represent?
m = mass, g = acceleration due to gravity (9.8 m/s²), h = height.
What is the SI unit for potential energy?

Joules (J)
Calculate the potential energy of an object with a mass of 13.0 kg at a height of 4.8 m.
PE = 611.52 J
How does height affect potential energy?
The higher an object is, the more potential energy it has.
How does mass affect potential energy?
The more mass an object has, the more potential energy it has.
What is kinetic energy?

Kinetic energy is energy in motion.
What are the variables that affect kinetic energy?
m: mass (kg)
v: velocity (m/s)
What is the equation for kinetic energy?

KE = ½mv²
Calculate the kinetic energy of a car with a mass of 1600 kg and a velocity of 24 m/s.
KE = 460,800 J
How does speed affect kinetic energy?
The faster the object moves, the more kinetic energy is produced.
What happens to kinetic energy when an object has the least potential energy?
When an object has the least potential energy, it has the most kinetic energy.
What is sound in terms of energy?
Sound is a form of kinetic energy that results from the vibration of particles in a medium.
What are the states of matter in relation to sound?
Solid: Definite shape and volume.
Liquid: Definite volume.
Gas: No definite shape and volume.
In which medium does sound travel the fastest?

Sound travels fastest in solids.
How does temperature affect the speed of sound?
As temperature increases, sound moves faster through the medium.
What is the speed of sound in dry air at 0°C?
331 m/s
How does the speed of sound change with temperature?
The speed of sound increases by 0.6 m/s for each degree Celsius increase in temperature.
What is the equation for the speed of sound in relation to temperature?