Biodiversity

• Raw materials for industries


  • Herbs
  • Timber
  • Bamboo
  • Rattan
• Herbs


  Widely used in the manufacture of medicines and cosmetics
• Timber, bamboo and rattan

  Examples of forest products used to make musical instruments, furniture and to build buildings
• Humans increase knowledge and create new technology through scientific research on microorganisms, animals and plants
• Examples of human activities that can threaten the environment

  • Overfishing
  • Water pollution
  • Deforestation
  • Overdevelopment in housing projects
  • Excessive use of chemicals such as pesticides, inorganic chemicals and insecticides
• Overfishing


  Threat to the environment
• Water pollution


  Threat to the environment
• Deforestation without replanting of new trees

  Threat to the environment
• Overdevelopment in housing projects

  Threat to the environment
• Excessive use of chemicals such as pesticides, inorganic chemicals and insecticides

  Threat to the environment
• Release of pollutants into the air
• Biodiversity


  The diversity of organisms, whether microorganisms, animals or plants
• Why biodiversity exists


  • Different organisms have different characteristics which enable them to survive and thrive independently in their respective habitats
  • Biodiversity exists as a result of the diversity of habitat and climate
• Herbs


  • Manufacture cosmetics
• The importance of biodiversity

  • Sources of food
  • Balance in nature
  • Recreational places
• Malaysia is one of the 12 megabiodiversity countries in the world
• Why Malaysia is a megabiodiversity country

  • The equatorial climate of Malaysia makes it a very ideal habitat for a variety of organisms
• Steps to conserve and preserve biodiversity

  • Setting up protected areas for living organisms
  • Setting up forest reserves
  • Setting up centres and nurseries for animals: protection and plant propagation
  • Establishing rehabilitation centres for wild animals and endangered species
  • Reducing deforestation
  • Replanting of new trees
  • Managing the environment wisely
  • Reducing the damage to the environment caused by pollution and forest fires
  • Restoring damaged habitats
  • Educating the public by creating awareness about the importance of conservation and preservation of organisms through mass media
  • Integrating knowledge about conservation and preservation in school curriculum
  • Taking legal action against those who carry out illegal logging and hunting of wild animals for commercial purposes
• Endangered animal species in Malaysia

  • Sumatran rhinoceros
  • Malayan tiger
  • Malayan honey bear
  • Bornean orangutan
• Invertebrates


  Animals without a backbone
• Classification of invertebrates


  • Without legs
  • With legs
• Invertebrates without legs


  • Without segmented body: Sponge, Sea anemone, Corals, Planaria, Snail
  • With segmented body: Tapeworm, Earthworm, Leech
• Characteristics of invertebrates with legs

  • Have segmented bodies
  • Have hard outer shells (exoskeleton)
  • Three pairs of legs
  • More than three pairs of legs
• Invertebrates with legs


  • Ant
  • Butterfly
  • Cockroach
  • Spider
  • Horseshoe crab
  • Prawn
  • Centipede
  • Scorpion
• Vertebrates


  Animals with a backbone
• Types of vertebrates


  • Fish
  • Amphibians
  • Reptiles
  • Birds
  • Mammals
• Poikilotherm


  • An organism that has a body temperature that changes according to its surrounding temperature
• Homeotherm


  • An animal with a body temperature that is constant and free from the influence of its surrounding temperature
• Characteristics of vertebrate groups

  • Fish: Covered in hard and slimy scales, Breathe through gills, Undergo external fertilisation
  • Amphibians: Covered with moist skin, Breathe through lungs and moist skin, Produce jelly-like eggs (spawn) without a shell, Undergo external fertilisation
  • Reptiles: Covered in hard and dry scales, Breathe through lungs, Produce eggs with a shell, Undergo internal fertilisation
  • Birds: Covered with feathers to maintain body temperature, Breathe through lungs, Have wings and a pair of scaly feet, Produce eggs with a shell, Undergo internal fertilisation
  • Mammals: Covered with fur or hair, Breathe through lungs, Give birth and nurse their young, Undergo internal fertilisation
• Non-flowering plants


  Plants that do not produce flowers
• Flowering plants


  Plants that produce beautiful flowers
• Non-flowering plant groups


  • Moss
  • Fern
  • Conifer
• Flowering plant groups


  • Monocotyledon
  • Dicotyledon
• Non-vascular plants


  Simple plants that are small and do not have a vascular system
• Vascular plants


  Plants that have a vascular system to transport water and food
• Moss


  • Reproduce by producing spores
  • Difficult to identify leaves, stems and roots
• Fern


  • Reproduce by producing spores
  • Easy to identify leaves, stems and roots
• Conifer


  • Reproduce by bearing cones
  • Vascular plants
• Flowers


  Become fruits that contain seeds
• Cotyledon


  Part of a seed that stores food for germination