intro

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  • Whenever we evaluate a study we assess the ethical costs like valid consent, deception, risk of harm, confidentiality and privacy
  • We also assess how to deal with these like ethical guidelines, right to withdraw, debriefing, ethics committees and forms of punishment
  • Ethical issues are issues because there is a conflict between the needs of researchers to produce research that benefits society and the needs of individual participants who have rights to be treated fairly