Carbohydrates

• what are the 2 simple sugars?

  monosaccharides , disaccharides
• What is the complex sugar?

  polysaccharide
• 3 examples of a monosaccharide?

  • glucose
  • fructose
  • galactose
• 3 examples of a disaccharide?

  • sucrose
  • maltose
  • lactose
• 3 examples of a polysaccharide?

  • starch
  • cellulose
  • glycogen
• 3 main functions of a carbohydrate?

  • energy source (e.g glucose)
  • energy store (e.g starch (plants) , glycogen (animals))
  • mechanical support (e.g cellulose for cell wall)
• monosaccharide is a single, simple sugar e.g pentose, hexoses
• what is a hexose sugar?[monosaccharide]

  two isomers of glucose (same atoms but arranged differently)

  • alpha glucose
  • beta glucose
• what acronym helps remember the placement of hexose sugars?[monosaccharide]

  ABBA
• glucose- functions and properties (2points)?[monosaccharide]

  • primary respiratory substrate - used to make ATP
  • Polar, so water soluble - affects osmotic water potential os solutions, cells , organelles
• 3 examples of a disaccharide? [Disaccharide]

  Sucrose, lactose, maltose
• How is a disaccharide formed?

  formed by condensation of 2 monosaccharides
• what bonds hold disaccharides together?

  glycosidic bonds
• alpha glucose + alpha glucose --> maltose + water
• alpha glucose + galactose --> lactose + water
• alpha glucose + fructose --> sucrose + water
• maltose:

  A) condensation

  B) alpha glucose

  C) glycosidic

  D) OH

  E) H

  F) water

  
• what are the 3 main types of polysaccharides?

  • starch ( energy store- plants)
  • glycogen (energy store - animals)
  • cellulose (structural- plant wall)
• what is starch a polymer of? [polysaccharide]

  alpha glucose
• what are the 2 types of starch? [polysaccharide]

  amylose and amylopectin
• Amylose: 1-4 glycosidic bonds, helical SO compact
• Amylopectin: 1-4, 1-6 glycosidic bonds, helical and branched SO compact
• where are the 2 types of starch found?

  in plant cell cytoplasm and chloroplasts as starch grains
• what is glycogen a polymer of?

  alpha glucose
• glycogen: 1-4, 1-6 (lots) glycosidic bonds, branched SO compact

  
  

  • has more ends to release glucose faster during hydrolysis
• where is glycogen found?

  found in animal cell cytoplasm (liver and muscle) as glycogen granules
• polysaccharide- structure related to function?

  helical (starch) or branched (glycogen)

  -SO compact (store more in smaller spaces

  -SO have lots more ends to release more glucose faster during hydrolysis

  • large molecule SO cant leave the cell
  • Insoluble SO no osmotic effect
  • polymers of alpha glucose SO provide primary respiratory substrate for making ATP