mutation

• Mutations


  changes in the organism that are heritable and essentialy permanent
• Meiosis


  if able to procreate, mutation can be transferred via
• Micromutations


  variations in a lele that causes slight change in phenotype that accumulates overtime
• Euploidy


  changes involving the whole genome
• Aneuploidy


  one or more chromosomes of a normal set are lacking or present in excess
• Aneuploidy


  XO individuals

  XXY male

  XXY female
• Chromosomal Aberration


  -problems during cell division

  -happens when a reduction or deletion in a portion of chromosome
• Gene Mutation


  changes in the gene sequences
• Polyploidy


  greater than or equal to 3 sets of chromosomes
• Autopolyploidy


  due to the multiplication of one basic genome (whole genome)
• Allopolyploidy


  genomes making up the multiple sets are not identical
• Allopolyploidy


  created through homologous recombination of closely-related species that has an equal # of chromosomes
• Aneuploidy


  occurs when 1 or more chromosomes of a normal set are lacking or present in excess
• Aneuploidy


  nuclei wil contain chromosome whose number are not multiples of the genome
• Structural Aberration


  broken chromosome may remain ununited, leading to eventual loss of segment that does not contain the centromere
• Deficiencies or Deletion


  loss of a segment during pachynema
• Deficiencies or Deletion


  deficiencies for a considerable number of loci results in lethality
• Duplication or Repeats


  section of the chromosome is in excess
• inversions


  rotation of a chromosome segment to a ful 180 degrees
• Paracentric


  centromere is not included in the inverted segment
• Pericentric


  centromere is included in the inverted segment
• Genome


  complete set of chromosomes in a cell
• diploids


  there are two sets of homologous
• Euploidy


  Involves the entire set of chromosomes in a cell
• Monoploidy


  Have only one set of chromosomes.
• Have only one set of chromosomes.


  More than two complete sets of chromosomes.
• autopolyploid.


  In some polyploids, genomes are identical,
• allopolyploids


  different capital letters letters or subscript
• higher polyploids


  4 genomes
• Triploidy


  Three complete sets of chromosomes.
• Autotetraploids


  four identical genome(AAAA)
• Allotetraploid


  2 different genome pairs (AABB).
• Aneuploidy


  Consists of mutations that involve changes in the number of chromosomes in the genome
• Aneuploidy


  Due to either addition or loss of one or more whole chromosomes during meiosis
• Tetrasomy


  Have two extra copies of chromosomes.
• Double trisomics


  extra copy of two different chromosomes

  2 chromosome has 1 extra chromosome
• Trivalent


  1 chromosome sister will go to 1 pole while the other will go to the other pole
• Nullisomics


  Very rare among diploid species.

  A pair of homologous chromosomes is missing one location or one chromosome pair.
• Double Monosomics


  produced when there is a missing copy of two different chromosomes
• Deletion


  type of mutation that involves the loss of one or more nucleotides from a segment of DNA.