TCP/IP stack

• TCP/IP Protocol Stack


  Consists of four layers: Application, Transport, Network, and Link
• TCP/IP Protocol Stack


  • Essential for network communication and data transmission
• Application Layer


  1. Uses appropriate protocols (e.g., HTTP, FTP) based on the application being used

  2. Prepares data for transmission
• Application Layer Protocols


  • HTTP
  • FTP
  • SMTP
• Application Layer


  Adds headers to data packets specifying the type of application protocol being used
• Transport Layer


  1. Utilizes TCP for connection-oriented communication

  2. Splits data into packets

  3. Adds sequence numbers, packet numbers, and port numbers to each packet
• Transport Layer Protocols


  • TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)
  • UDP (User Datagram Protocol)
• Transport Layer


  Ensures reliable, ordered delivery of data packets
• Network Layer


  1. Utilizes IP for logical addressing and routing

  2. Adds source and destination IP addresses to each packet

  3. Determines the path (routing) for packet delivery
• Network Layer Protocols


  • IPv4
  • IPv6
• Network Layer


  Provides logical addressing and routing of data packets across networks
• Link Layer


  1. Adds MAC addresses to data packets

  2. Represents the physical connection between nodes
• Link Layer Protocols


  • Ethernet
  • Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11)
• Link Layer


  Responsible for transmitting data over the physical network medium
• MAC Addresses


  • Unique physical addresses assigned to network interface cards (NICs) during manufacturing
  • Consist of 12-digit hexadecimal codes
  • Used for identifying devices on a network at the link layer
  • Never change and are hard-coded into the hardware
• Sockets


  • Combination of IP address and port number
  • Used to direct packets to the appropriate application on a destination device
  • Enables communication between applications over a network
  • Essential for establishing connections and exchanging data between devices