REVISED

• Autotroph


  An organism that can produce its own food using energy from photosynthesis and chemosynthesis
• Heterotroph


  An organism that relies on consuming other organisms for food
• Organisms


  • Consumers
  • Detritivores
  • Saprotrophs
• Consumers


  Organisms that obtain energy by consuming other living organisms
• Detritivores


  Organisms that feed on dead organic matter, such as decaying plants or animal carcasses
• Saprotrophs


  Organisms that obtain nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter externally and absorbing the nutrients
• Food Chain


  A linear sequence of organisms where each organism serves as a source of energy for the next organism
• Food Chain(example)


  • Grass (producer) -> Grasshopper (primary consumer) -> Frog (secondary consumer) -> Snake (tertiary consumer)
• Food Web


  A complex network of interconnected food chains that shows the feeding relationships and energy flow between various organisms in an ecosystem
• Trophic Levels


  • Primary producers (eg. coral and algae)
  • Primary consumers (eg. herbivorous fish)
  • Secondary consumers (eg. carnivorous fish)
  • Tertiary consumers (eg. top predators)
• Mutualistic symbiotic relationship


  Reef-building corals have a mutualistic relationship with photosynthetic algae called zooxanthellae. The corals provide a protected environment and nutrients, while the zooxanthellae provide food through photosynthesis and help in reef-building.
• Stressors such as high water temperatures can cause corals to expel the zooxanthellae, leading to coral bleaching and potential death.
• Rising sea levels can result in the submergence of coral reefs, limiting their access to sunlight and disrupting their ecosystems.
• Elevated levels of carbon dioxide in the ocean can lead to ocean acidification, which can harm coral growth and weaken their skeletal structures.
• Core


  The innermost layer of the Earth, composed primarily of iron and nickel
• Mantle


  The layer surrounding the core, consisting of molten rock (magma) and solid rock
• Crust


  The outermost layer of the Earth, divided into continental crust (thicker and less dense) and oceanic crust (thinner and denser)
• Lithosphere


  The rigid, outermost layer of the Earth, consisting of the crust and a portion of the upper mantle
• Asthenosphere


  The partially molten, plastic-like layer below the lithosphere, where convection currents occur
• Convergent plate boundaries


  Typical features at continental-continental, continental-oceanic, and oceanic-oceanic crust interactions
• Divergent plate boundaries


  Typical features on continental and oceanic crusts
• Continental crust at divergent boundaries

  Rift valleys and linear-shaped mountain ranges can form as the crust pulls apart
• Oceanic crust at divergent boundaries

  Mid-oceanic ridges are created as new crust is formed through volcanic activity and upwelling of magma
• Transform boundaries


  Two plates slide past each other horizontally, resulting in the formation of transform faults and associated earthquakes
• Bathymetric features


  • Continental shelf
  • Continental slope
  • Abyssal plain
  • Mid-oceanic ridge
  • Seamount
  • Island
  • Guyot
  • Trench
• World's oceans


  • Pacific Ocean
  • Atlantic Ocean
  • Indian Ocean
  • Arctic Ocean
  • Southern Ocean
• Tricellular model


  The movement of air in three cells: the Hadley cell, Ferrel cell, and Polar cell. In each cell, air rises at the equator, moves poleward in the upper atmosphere, descends at around 30 degrees latitude, and returns toward the equator along the surface.
• The rising warm air at the equator

  Creates a low-pressure zone and leads to abundant rainfall, resulting in tropical rainforests near the equator
• The descending cool air at around 30 degrees latitude

  Creates a high-pressure zone and inhibits precipitation, causing dry conditions and the formation of deserts
• Earth's rotation causes the Coriolis effect, which deflects the path of moving objects, including air and water currents, to the right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the Southern Hemisphere.
• Wind directions by latitude

  • 0-30º: Trade winds blow from east to west
  • 30-60º: Prevailing westerlies blow from west to east
  • 60-90º: Polar easterlies blow from east to west
• In the Northern Hemisphere, major ocean currents generally flow clockwise. In the Southern Hemisphere, major ocean currents generally flow counterclockwise.
• Digestion


  The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules through mechanical and chemical processes
• Absorption


  The process of taking in nutrients from digested food molecules into the bloodstream or lymphatic system for transport to cells
• Stomach


  Digests food mechanically and chemically, breaking it down into chyme
• Small intestine


  Absorbs nutrients from digested food and transfers them to the bloodstream
• Large intestine


  Absorbs water, electrolytes, and vitamins while forming and eliminating feces
• Salivary glands


  Produce saliva containing enzymes that begin the chemical digestion of carbohydrates
• Liver


  Produces bile, which aids in the digestion and absorption of fats
• Gallbladder


  Stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver, releasing it into the small intestine when needed